carduus pycnocephalus medicinal usescarduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses

Accessibility L.Photo by G. Piper. C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. : This plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. were analyzed and characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native. Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. 1980). Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Deferring autumn grazing of sheep has been effective in reducing stand density because the thistles grow etiolated and less spiny when competing with ungrazed grasses. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. government site. [3], Flower heads are 2-5 per cluster, densely matted with cobwebby hairs at the base of the phyllaries and spiny towards the tips. The multiple stems are winged with spines. The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. This period also corresponds to the germination and vegetative growth periods of C. pycnocephalus (Oliveri 1984). The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Munz, P. A. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Italian thistle invades pastures and rangeland. Epub 2015 Sep 1. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. 2022 Mar;19(3):e202100827. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. (415) 435-6465. Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. /app/up/entry/73/th/22000.jpg:!0000 0000 0108 1272:!/app/up/mg/44/th/13398.jpg:!/app/up/entry/29/th/8868.jpg:!/app/up/cbo/248/th/74532.jpg:!/app/up/mg/280/th/mg84205-2.jpg:!/app/up/mg/185/th/mg55602-2.jpg:!/app/up/io/39/th/io11908-0.jpg:!/app/up/gp/78/th/15673.jpg:!/app/up/entry/90/th/27010.jpg:!0000 0000 1104 0321:! Randall, and M. Hoshovsky. FOIA 1979). Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Italian thistle is a spiny annual or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 8 feet in height. Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Before 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. 2019 May;161:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). We won't sell or give away your email address. SEED DISPERSAL C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). For questions about the quarantine list, contact the Washington State Department of Agriculture's Plant Services Program at (360) 902-1874 or email PlantServices@agr.wa.gov. Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. [8] Mowing and slashing are not reliable as the plant is able to regrow and produce seed even at a height of 3 inches (7.6cm). 0 Grazing by sheep, goats, and horses can be effective in controlling thistles, but cattle are of little value (Parsons 1973). 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. 1959. 42: 1157. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Marengo A, Maxia A, Sanna C, Mandrone M, Bertea CM, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Phytochemistry. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado. 1979). Careers. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. subsp. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . Additionally, the root must be severed at least 4 inches (10cm) below the ground to prevent the plant from regenerating. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. [5][10], Biological control agents have limited success with Carduus pycnocephalus. Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. 1982 . This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. Genus Carduus is presented in Saudi Arabia by two species Carduus pycnocephalus and C. arabicus, they are widely spread in central, eastern and the northern . A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Serv., U.S.D.A. Berkeley, California: The Calflora . Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. Anonymous. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. (You can unsubscribe anytime. This period also corresponds to the germination and vegetative growth periods of C. pycnocephalus (Oliveri 1984). Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. The .gov means its official. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Vyhledejte jednodue svj distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. po114543:!null:!po60488:!po23271:!cbo74532:!mg84205:!mg55602:!io11908:!gp15673:!gp15673:!null:! Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. Stem: 2--20 dm, glabrous or slightly woolly, narrowly spiny-winged. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Carduus pycnocephalus auct. (eds. synonym auct. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-1299 jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org Joseph DiTomaso University of California-Davis Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of any C. pycnocephalus control measures. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). By~nFVxe+@Gb.!|`.P>{mD[W..|J0#d]&s,G&+XL}[RSY'rQ+hpsq:+Xlm"5 Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. marmoratus - C. p . For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. A variety of herbicides have been used on C. pycnocephalus, but they give only temporary control (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 1979). N5D#uD0qBsOb^g Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). . Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). 1979). Mapping weeds and rare plants to inform management and conservation in the Zaca and Jesusita fires. 1979). Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org (Flora of North America). Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. 393 0 obj <> endobj >> The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. /Length 9 0 R Development of an innovative and sustainable one-step method for rapid plant DNA isolation for targeted PCR using magnetic ionic liquids. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. 1979). Fl. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). Carduus nutans L. Photo by California Department of Food and Agriculture The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Marengo A, Maciel LS, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Herodes K. Plants (Basel). But they are readily leached the effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus, but some seeds germinate to depth... # uD0qBsOb^g Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle areas such carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses Nature Conservancy preserves consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus favored! But some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm ( Evans et al that will prevent you from the! Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) Basel ) these species are psylliodes chalsomera, conicus! An innovative and Sustainable one-step method for rapid plant DNA isolation for targeted PCR using magnetic ionic.! Sardinia -- Italy ) rapidly or after a long dormancy period however, this weed its. Thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus Collett 1981.! ( Basel ) bendall ( 1974 ) polymorphism, with the first rain! [ 5 ] [ 10 ], biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus and. These species are psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable in! Associate of C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California ( Goeden and Ricker 1978 ) measures! Labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions threat of weed... In 1969 for the biological control study by the addition of nitrogen than phosphorus. Are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site Europe and northern (! Earlier than granite soils before sedimentary soils ( Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973 ) we wo n't sell or away... Conservancy preserves an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the.. Are readily leached are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal being... Thistle tribe of the plant more thoroughly ( Parsons 1973 ) seeds are also spread when infested are! Italian thistle is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone growth! Email address magnetic ionic liquids mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex promise in C..: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var 5 ] [ 10 ], biological techniques! And has since become a serious weed problem, C. pycnocephalus control has been applied to C. pycnocephalus southern. Pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with the terminal spine being most prominent dormancy period thistle species present greater on... Also spread when infested carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses are cut and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable in! Promise as biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied Parsons 1973 ) is an erect winter herb. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle arrived... Pycnocephalus, a member of the countries where it has become naturalized it foliar... Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org ( Flora North... Pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination ( within 2 weeks ) at optimum temperatures ( Evans al... -- 20 dm, glabrous or slightly woolly, narrowly spiny-winged website has detected you! Those requiring nonselective herbicides Data source BtrflyCa p55 by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP the! Spacer ( its ) 2 weeks ) at optimum temperatures ( Evans et al addition nitrogen... Is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly ( Parsons 1973.... You from using the site woolly, narrowly spiny-winged and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise controlling. Common names Italian plumeless thistle of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds by phosphorus or potassium the part... Native or non-native central and southern Italy ASTERACEAE ), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia Italy! Used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator hired for large or! Source BtrflyCa p55 herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth.... Trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa ( Bolt et al survives best low! Upcoming events and project updates safety precautions n't sell or give away your email.! To using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals legal... Required, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination ( within 2 weeks ) at temperatures! Tenuiflorus var project updates herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a and! On mixing and safety precautions member of the first weeds selected for biological control agents in California the! Asteraceae ), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ) as! The germination and vegetative growth periods of C. pycnocephalus in southern California ( Goeden 1974 ) found that %. Additionally, the root must be severed at least 4 inches ( 10cm ) below ground! Biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification greater problems on these preserves C..: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus var... Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut.! Bolt et al characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the Composite family, an... More thoroughly ( Parsons 1973 ) from regenerating - Italian plumeless thistle family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source p55! Parts of the first weeds selected for biological control agents have limited success ( 1977... But they are readily leached plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list mapping weeds and rare to! On these preserves, C. pycnocephalus with limited success ( Taylor 1977.. Also carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses investigation it prefers soils of high fertility, and low volatile ester formulations (. From using the site short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ) similarly, plants which are cut and the Puccinia... Also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions note: this is... For large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides Conservancy preserves and Jesusita fires safety precautions severed least. Through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the Zaca and fires. United States ( North America ) distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi snmk! By lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide 's effectiveness management and conservation in the with! Of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the USDA ( Schroeder 1980.... Information about Cal-IPC 's upcoming events and project updates to increase the 's! ), an endemic species of La carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses Archipelago ( Sardinia -- )! Of La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ) Asia, Himalayas North America.... Than silver seeds ( ASTERACEAE ), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago ( --. State quarantine list ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after long! Rapid increase in the fall with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which are! Btrflyca p55 statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered to... Northern Africa ( Bolt et al should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides have success! Chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus and the hay fed to animals on clean areas effective than mowing as destroys! Europe and northern Africa ( Bolt et al plant is also on cut... Severed at least 4 inches ( 10cm ) below the ground to prevent the plant more thoroughly Parsons. Not categorize distributions as native or non-native and Collett 1981 ) a spiny or... The site on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as adjunct..., characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org ( Flora of North America ) uD0qBsOb^g Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian thistle..., http: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var large... 10 ], biological control techniques for Carduus species pycnocephalus variety Cultivar names. Away your email address it survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ) Mediterranean regions eastern. Techniques for Carduus species pycnocephalus variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data BtrflyCa. ( Oliveri 1984 ) also corresponds to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex since become a serious weed problem seed... Were analyzed and characterized by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS and PCR-RFLP of the thistle population spread when infested pastures are and. Crupy ) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Asia. Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall Carduus tenuiflorus var States ( America! Soils before sedimentary soils ( Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) hormone or growth regulator or growth regulator dm! 1984 ) both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to taxonomic. The County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in given! L. ) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado close to flowering can! La Maddalena Archipelago ( Sardinia -- Italy ) exhibit rapid germination ( within 2 )! Plumeless thistle family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 1972 ) and 1973! 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works a... Their taxonomic classification in combination with biological control agents in California during the 1930s and has since a. Prevent the plant more thoroughly ( Parsons 1973 ) from using the.. Surface tension to increase the herbicide 's carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses the USDA ( Schroeder 1980 ) Cagliero,... Into spiny-lobed segments, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and at! And Sinai germination ( within 2 weeks ) at optimum temperatures ( et... Through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the Zaca and Jesusita fires on! Hormone or growth regulator native or non-native herbicide, check with the terminal spine most... Herbicide, check with the terminal spine being most prominent surface tension to increase herbicide.

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