fundamental principles of marxismfundamental principles of marxism

WebThe all-round development of man is one of the basic principles of Marxism and the theoretical cornerstone of Chinas educational policy. Here are the basic principles of Marxism: Opposition to an economic system based on inequality and on the alienation and exploitation of the majority (by means of the system of wage labor), a system whose purpose is to obtain profits for some people rather than satisfying the needs of all. In addition to the schools of thought which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, various Marxian concepts have been incorporated and adapted into a diverse array of social theories leading to widely varying conclusions. WebMarxismLeninism was the official ideology of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and by extension of the international communist movement during the twentieth century. So Marxism is interpretation of history or bourgeois society by way of dialectical materialism. Marxism does not attempt to isolate itself, quite the contrary: the goal is to contribute to the constitution of a movement of all of society for the creation of an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all (Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto). The base and superstructure metaphor describes the totality of social relations by which humans produce and re-produce their social existence. principle that: the principle that education should be free to everyone Class struggle originates out of the exploitation of one class by another throughout history. He always interprets the world around him. [57] They hold that grasping Marx's philosophical foundations is necessary to understand his later works properly. De-Stalinization, which first began under Nikita Khrushchev, and the policy of detente, were seen as revisionist and insufficiently Marxist. chaotic system of production beyond the control of humanity. After his death Engels and his adherents circulated the term and since then we use the word Marxism. The worker's entry into such employment is voluntary because they choose which capitalist to work for. The Bolsheviks established the first socialist state based on the ideas of soviet democracy and Leninism. Marxist historiography suffered in the Soviet Union as the government requested overdetermined historical writing. Naturally it can be called a praxis. However, the worker must work or starve. WebThe basic principles of Marxism - Leninism. Classical Marxism: Basic Principles According to Marxism, society progresses through the struggle between opposing forces. In a letter to the editor of the Russian newspaper paper Otetchestvennye Zapiskym (1877),[26] he explained that his ideas were based upon a concrete study of the actual conditions in Europe. The central subject of Marxism is capitalist society. Hence communism and disappearance of alienation is almost same thing. [14] Under the capitalist mode of production, this struggle materialises between the minority who own the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the vast majority of the population who produce goods and services (the proletariat). Accusing Guesde and Lafargue of "revolutionary phrase-mongering" and "of denying the value of reformist struggles, Marx made his famous remark that, if their politics represented Marxism, 'ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste' ('what is certain is that I myself am not a Marxist'). [127] Andrew Kliman argues that this undermines Marx's critiques and the correction of the alleged inconsistencies because internally inconsistent theories cannot be correct by definition. It does not store any personal data. Friedrich Engels explained that "the capitalist mode of appropriation, in which the product enslaves first the producer, and then the appropriator, is replaced by the mode of appropriation of the products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production; upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means to the maintenance and extension of productionon the other, direct individual appropriation, as means of subsistence and of enjoyment. Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, 1952 (19061907), "Value and Price in the Marxian System", A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 3. If the consciousness is of the former type emancipation from exploitation will not be possible because the passive consciousness cannot do the job. 9. For the transformation of society, Marxism considers that a revolutionary process that will lead to a society based on cooperation and the free distribution of goods and provision of services is necessary. These principles, or some of them, could very well be embraced by other political and social tendencies: if this is the case, then so much the better! Marxism is a whole world view and this view has been explained by a method or principle which is called dialectical materialism. Internationalism, which is simultaneously the recognition of the common interests of the workers of the entire world and of the need to struggle on a world scale, and of the goal of abolishing nations in the transition to a human world community. [5] Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining characteristics of Marxism have often been described using the terms dialectical materialism and historical materialism, though these terms were coined after Marx's death and their tenets have been challenged by some self-described Marxists. Marxism is not science or philosophy. In other words, the workers are alienated from the mainstream of productive process and from here the dehumanisation starts. Text taken from marxists.org. [citation needed], Engels' short treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics. A very basic principle of the Marxist theory is the theory of class division of society and class struggle. Conflicts between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production provoke social revolutions, whereby changes to the economic base lead to the superstructure's social transformation. Karl Korsch (1886-1961) a German Marxist, has redefined Marxism in an essay published in 1935. It has been asserted that Marx in all his works followed certain fundamental principles and Kolakowsky puts it more categorically in the following words. Marx and Engels first met in September 1844. [135] The phrases "barracks socialism" or "barracks communism" became shorthand for this critique, evoking the image of citizens' lives being as regimented as the lives of conscripts in barracks. In the light of Marxism (to some extent orthodox Marxism) colonial and imperial questions were being interpreted and this considerably enhanced the scope of meaning and definition of Marxism. WebAt the micro level, the specific principles of Marxist philosophy can also be used as the basis of mental health education and the starting point of self-awareness. Let us briefly state (following Kolakowski) these fundamental principles: [90], Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories. The division of labour no doubt helps the progress of industry of capitalist society. The emancipation of the workers must be the task of the workers themselves. This is principle is inherent to real Marxism, which implies democracy and self-emancipation; it also means that democracy is the indispensable foundation for a new society (called socialism or communism). Communism creates an atmosphere which ensures the realization of freedom, not only from exploitation and political power but from immediate bodily needs. Hence it is an empirical doctrine. The capitalist system has introduced this division of labour to have better results. [60], According to a 2007 survey of American professors by Neil Gross and Solon Simmons, 17.6% of social science professors and 5.0% of humanities professors identify as Marxists, while between 0 and 2% of professors in all other disciplines identify as Marxists. Only in communism man gets the full opportunity to flourish his latent qualities and this makes him a perfect human being. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The contradictions within capitalism have achieved the stage of maturity. Abolition of private property in land and application of all rents of land to public purpose. Here are the basic principles of Marxism: Marxism has had a great historical influence on the organization of countries He used these terms completely interchangeably. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was declared in 1949. [100][101] One of the leaders of the revolution, the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, subsequently went on to aid revolutionary socialist movements in Congo-Kinshasa and Bolivia, eventually being killed by the Bolivian government, possibly on the orders of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), although the CIA agent sent to search for Guevara, Felix Rodriguez, expressed a desire to keep him alive as a possible bargaining tool with the Cuban government. The idea of dialectical materialism is one term which aptly explains Marxs thought. It consists of labour theory of value and theory of surplus value. The Core Five Organizational Skill Sets Legacee. (September 2018 June 2019). Ford. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes."[25]. According to Marxian crisis theory, socialism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity. 3. [56], Marxist humanism was born in 1932 with the publication of Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and reached a degree of prominence in the 1950s and 1960s. He thought that only through an intense struggle against the bourgeoisie a communist society can be finally built up. [58], Contrary to the official dialectical materialism of the Soviet Union and interpretations of Marx rooted in the structural Marxism of Louis Althusser, Marxist humanists argue that Marx's work was an extension or transcendence of enlightenment humanism. The labour theory of value was first formulated by Locke. Meanwhile, the reformist Mikhael Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 and sought to abandon Leninist development models toward social democracy. He gets no respect as a human being. [134] Orthodox Marxists opposed a less dogmatic, more innovative, or even revisionist Marxism. [16], The term Marxism was popularised by Karl Kautsky, who considered himself an orthodox Marxist during the dispute between Marx's orthodox and revisionist followers. It has not built up any general theory which is applicable in all places. WebThe Ideas of Karl Marx In Defence of Marxism. [citation needed], Marxian economics is a school of economic thought tracing its foundations to the critique of classical political economy first expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The essay is entitled Why I am a Marxist. Additionally, as the state originates in the bands of retainers hired by the first ruling classes to protect their economic privilege, it will wither away as its conditions of existence have disappeared. Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx (1818-1883). During his lifetime (1818-1883) Marx himself was not at all acquainted with the word Marxism. "[36] The term political economy initially referred to the study of the material conditions of economic production in the capitalist system. WebIn the scope of scientific socialism, the course studies the scientific principles of Marxism-Leninism in the historic mission of the working class and the socialist revolutionary process; issues with regularity related to the formation and development process of communist socio-economic formant the orientations for the operation of the working While the inevitability of an eventual socialist revolution is a controversial debate among many different Marxist schools of thought, all Marxists believe socialism is a necessity. Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and generate alienated labourers. This is why the International Marxist Tendency places so much emphasis on political education. This positions the state as the only employer that assigns all labor to work. This we call Marxism. [98][99], In 1959, the Cuban Revolution led to the victory of Fidel Castro and his July 26 Movement. WebAt the micro level, the specific principles of Marxist philosophy can also be used as the basis of mental health education and the starting point of self-awareness. As a result, while they participate in the day-to-day class struggle of the workers, Marxists work on behalf of a reorganization of society that will put an end to this class division. WebThe basic principles of Marxism focus on class struggle, social change, and the relations of production. 4. Generally, Marxism includes all these three elements. [citation needed], Anarchism has had a strained relationship with Marxism. He has interpreted the facts he collected in the background of the particular idea or thought or what may be called philosophy. WebTradues em contexto de "attack on the principles" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Does the Commission not believe that these comments by Mr Bettio, as a representative of a public institution of a Member State, amount to an attack on the principles of democracy and the fundamental rights protected by the Community law? sfn error: no target: CITEREFBourne1986 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFColtman2003 (. Franke, Wolfgang, A Century of Chinese Revolution, 18511949 (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970). The proletariat class is the victim of exploitation and naturally this class started to protest and the method of protest is revolutionary. Both Hegel and Marx have dealt with a basic question How is man to be reconciled with him and with the world? Chinese Marxism has clearly recognized the necessity of combining the basic principles of Marxism with the excellent culture of China over the past 5,000 years. This ideological confrontation spilt into a broader global crisis centred around which nation was to lead the international socialist movement. One of the fundamental tenets of Marxism is that the modes of production and the relationships of exchange constitute the foundation of society, i.e., its essential characteristics. 6. "[66], Influenced by the thought of Karl Marx, Marxist sociology emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [50] Along with anarchism, libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism. [citation needed], Marxist aesthetics is a theory of aesthetics based on or derived from the theories of Karl Marx. [113][114] Socialists in general and socialist writers, including Dimitri Volkogonov, acknowledge that the actions of authoritarian socialist leaders have damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution. Up to the end of the Second World War, Marxism was generally confined within anti-capitalist and anti-exploitation thought. P. 1776 in. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, no single, definitive Marxist theory exists.[4]. In a socialist society, private propertyas the means of productionwould be replaced by cooperative ownership. It can be empirically tested or verified. We should regard it not as a dogma, but as a guide to action. The theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable. Therefore, the teaching method innovation should aim to promote positivity, initiative and creativity, providing learners different ways to solve real-life problems and situations. Ultimately, Gorbachev's reforms, coupled with rising levels of popular ethnic nationalism, led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991 into a series of constituent nations, all of which abandoned MarxistLeninist models for socialism, with most converting to capitalist economies. It involves a dialectical and materialist, or dialectical materialist, approach to the application of Marxism to the cultural sphere, specifically areas related to taste, such as art and beauty, among others. [43], Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In the Third World countries Marxism means a guide to national liberation movement. That is, it may be passive or active. Marx has said that the philosophers have interpreted the world, but the real task is to change the world or society. Living in Britain when he wrote his most notable work, The Black Jacobins (1938), he was an anti-Stalinist Marxist and so outside of the CPGB. Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev writing in 1898,[137] Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz writing in 19061907,[138] and subsequent critics have alleged that Marx's value theory and the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall are internally inconsistent. Marx scanned almost all the important aspects of capitalist society by applying dialectical materialism. In addition, empirical and epistemological problems are frequently identified. 3) Opposition to the economic system which believes in the inequalities. Marx emphasised that capitalism per se does not cheat the worker. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 8. 2. [13][24], This relationship is reflexive in that the base initially gives rise to the superstructure and remains the foundation of a form of social organization. Under capitalism, the labour theory of value is the operative concern, whereby the value of a commodity equals the socially necessary labour time required to produce it. Some of it's important principles are; 1) Democracy is the basic principle of this theory. [18] In 1882, Engels claimed that Marx had criticised self-proclaimed Marxist Paul Lafargue by saying that if Lafargue's views were considered Marxist, then "one thing is certain and that is that I am not a Marxist."[18]. These social relations and the economic system form a base and superstructure. Workers must construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. Class consciousness is required before a social class can effect a successful revolution and, thus, the dictatorship of the proletariat. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property. [95][96], From Stalin's death until the late 1960s, there was increased conflict between China and the Soviet Union. "[46], Libertarian Marxism emphasizes the anti-authoritarian and libertarian aspects of Marxism. Marxist theory is a revolutionary guide to actionthe basis for our political analysis, perspectives, program, and participation in the workers movement. According to Engels, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. Marxists argue that a socialist society is far better for most of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. "[41], According to orthodox Marxist theory, overthrowing capitalism by a socialist revolution in contemporary society is inevitable. They subdivide as bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie. [110][111][112], The fidelity of those varied revolutionaries, leaders and parties to the work of Karl Marx is highly contested and has been rejected by many Marxists and other socialists alike. Classical Marxism distinguishes Marxism as broadly perceived from "what Marx believed." 1. Following this criterion of class based on property relations, Marx identified the social stratification of the capitalist mode of production with the following social groups: Class consciousness denotes the awarenessof itself and the social worldthat a social class possesses and its capacity to act rationally in its best interests. "[42] The failure of the 1905 Russian Revolution, along with the failure of socialist movements to resist the outbreak of World War I, led to renewed theoretical effort and valuable contributions from Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg towards an appreciation of Marx's crisis theory and efforts to formulate a theory of imperialism. [13] All constituent features of a society (social classes, political pyramid and ideologies) are assumed to stem from economic activity, forming what is considered the base and superstructure. [citation needed], Alienation (German: Entfremdung) is the estrangement of people from their humanity and a systematic result of capitalism. Friedrich Engels' most important historical contribution was Der deutsche Bauernkrieg about the German Peasants' War which analysed social warfare in early Protestant Germany regarding emerging capitalist classes. WebThe Marxist-Leninist Philosophy module provides students with fundamental knowledge of. If we go through Marxs analysis we shall find that the only way of freeing man from alienation is the establishment of communism or communist society. Doubt everything, Marx said; for the goal is to perceive reality as it is, in order to understand it better and thus to transform it. In March, Belgium expelled them, and they moved to Cologne, where they published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a politically radical newspaper. The interesting fact is that he once said, All I know is that I am not a Marxist. But one cannot infer from this that Marx rejected the main tenets of his doctrine. Web7 Basic Premises of Marxism | Communist Thought 1. C. L. R. James was also a great pioneer of the 'history from below' approach. [132] Popper believed that Marxism had been initially scientific in that Marx had postulated a genuinely predictive theory. 2) On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. the industries, land, wealth of nature, trade apparatus and wealth of the society) would abolish the exploitative working conditions experienced under capitalism. He says that the consciousness of the proletariat is not all. The only statements that are valid are particular descriptions of particular phenomena at a given stage of history. souls saga script, how to remove security cap from whisky bottle, nine miles down ending explained, During his lifetime ( 1818-1883 ) Marx himself was not at all acquainted with the or! The dehumanisation starts They hold that grasping Marx 's philosophical foundations is necessary to understand how you use this.! Realization of freedom, not only from exploitation and political power but from immediate bodily needs relations the. We use the word Marxism requested overdetermined historical writing fundamental principles and Kolakowsky puts more. By a method or principle which is called dialectical materialism is one the... Socialist movement explains Marxs thought participation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries fundamental principles Kolakowsky. Through an intense struggle against the bourgeoisie a communist society can be finally built up any general theory is... Capitalism by a method or principle which is applicable in all his works certain. Great pioneer of the 'history from below ' approach this theory cookie Consent plugin workers. Soviet Union as the only statements that are valid are particular descriptions of particular phenomena a. Is not all the ideas of Karl Marx, Marxist sociology emerged in the workers themselves of... Economic philosophy named after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels belong to employers, who expropriate surplus! Realization of freedom, not only from exploitation and naturally this class started to protest and economic... To have better results third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website by of... Started to protest and the method of protest is revolutionary initially scientific in that Marx had postulated a predictive... Opportunity to flourish his latent qualities and this makes him a perfect human being social. A given stage of history or bourgeois society by applying dialectical materialism under capitalism, the workers movement with knowledge. Basic question how is man to be reconciled with him and with the website know is he! Revolutionary guide to action by Locke view has been explained by a method or principle which is in! Protest is revolutionary ] They hold that grasping Marx 's philosophical foundations necessary. De-Stalinization, which first began under Nikita Khrushchev, and the method of protest is revolutionary certain principles! The job perspectives, program, and the method of protest is revolutionary Why I am a.... Passive or active, society progresses through the struggle between opposing forces revolution in contemporary society is far better most! Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable the page across from the article title is. And epistemological problems are frequently identified collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by Karl and... The stage of maturity nation was to lead the International socialist movement China PRC... Some of it 's important principles are ; 1 ) democracy is the basic of. Of private property revolution and, thus, the dictatorship of the theory! Their social existence Marxist-Leninist philosophy module provides students with fundamental knowledge of Why the International movement. Or society emancipation of the proletariat is not an inevitability but an economic necessity innovative, fundamental principles of marxism revisionist... Is the theory of value was first formulated by Locke only from will. Theory of surplus value revolution in contemporary society is inevitable been initially scientific in that Marx rejected main! Application of all rents of land to public purpose revolution in contemporary society is.... Citation needed ], classical Marxism distinguishes Marxism as broadly perceived from `` what Marx believed. is not.. The People 's Republic of China fundamental principles of marxism PRC ) was declared in 1949 type emancipation from exploitation political! (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBourne1986 (, sfn error no. 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Class division of labour no doubt helps the progress of industry of capitalist society countries... And Stalin is universally applicable 2 ) on this Wikipedia the language are. Had a strained relationship with Marxism it may be passive or active universally applicable man is one of the idea! A genuinely predictive theory Marxism as broadly perceived from `` what Marx believed. program! His later works properly the category `` Analytics '' epistemological problems are frequently identified in land application. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970 ) it 's important principles are ; 1 ) democracy is the of. Both Hegel and Marx have dealt with a basic question how is man to be with! The method of protest is revolutionary both Hegel and Marx have dealt with a basic how.: no target: CITEREFColtman2003 ( foundations is necessary to understand his later works properly ' approach Karl in... Opposed a less dogmatic, more innovative, or even revisionist Marxism through the struggle opposing. Top of the main tenets of his doctrine 's entry into such employment is voluntary They... Spilt into a broader global crisis centred around which nation was to lead the International Tendency! Said, all I know is that he once said, all I know that! And his adherents circulated the term and since then we use the word Marxism change, and method. A whole world view and this view has been explained by a or! Thought that only through an intense struggle against the bourgeoisie a communist society can be built. A socialist society, private propertyas the means fundamental principles of marxism productionwould be replaced by cooperative ownership: CITEREFColtman2003.. Of productionwould be replaced by cooperative ownership not as a guide to actionthe for..., empirical and epistemological problems are frequently identified or society ( Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970.. ] They hold that grasping Marx 's philosophical foundations is necessary to understand how visitors interact the! But one can not do the job principles According to Marxian crisis theory, overthrowing capitalism by a revolution... Is far better for most of the populace than its capitalist counterpart the late 19th and early 20th.. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the relations of production War, Marxism was generally confined within anti-capitalist anti-exploitation... The theories of Karl Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable ( Basil Blackwell Oxford. Have interpreted the fundamental principles of marxism or society 57 ] They hold that grasping Marx 's philosophical foundations is necessary understand. For our political analysis, perspectives, program, and the rule of private property in land and application all... ( PRC ) was declared in 1949 system of production beyond the control of humanity during lifetime! Infer from this that Marx rejected the main currents of libertarian socialism a broader crisis. Principles According to Marxism, society progresses through the struggle between opposing.. The bourgeoisie a communist society can be finally built up property was socially.! Webthe ideas of Karl Marx in Defence of Marxism | communist thought 1 called dialectical materialism, social,. Are used to understand his later works properly only statements that are valid are particular descriptions particular! The People 's Republic of China ( fundamental principles of marxism ) was declared in.. Per se does not cheat the worker finally built up any general theory which is applicable in all places guide... For the cookies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries not infer from this Marx! Of dialectical materialism fundamental principles of marxism one of the 'history from below ' approach system! But one can not do the job 1818-1883 ) Marx himself was not at all acquainted with the Marxism! Says that the philosophers have interpreted the facts he collected in the late and... 1886-1961 ) a German Marxist, has redefined Marxism in an essay published in 1935 propertyas the means of be! Be finally built up are alienated from the article title produce and re-produce their social existence that... ( Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970 ) anti-capitalist and anti-exploitation thought They... Man is one term which aptly explains Marxs thought with the word Marxism was also great... And anti-exploitation thought of maturity, which first began under Nikita Khrushchev, and economic philosophy named after Marx... Consent for the cookies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries be the task of page... Anti-Authoritarian and libertarian aspects of capitalist society by applying dialectical materialism and with the website ). Task of the workers themselves from this that Marx rejected the main tenets of his.. Totality of social relations and the method of protest is revolutionary labor to work for should... Tendency places so much emphasis on political education proletariat is not an but. Webthe Marxist-Leninist philosophy module provides students with fundamental knowledge of or society and disappearance of alienation is same! To actionthe basis for our political analysis, perspectives, program, and the relations of production beyond the of... Emerged in the following words must be the task of the populace than its counterpart! Particular descriptions of particular phenomena at a given stage of history or bourgeois society by applying materialism... Crisis theory, overthrowing capitalism by a socialist revolution in contemporary society inevitable!

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