The page size is 8192 bytes. The offset in the physical frame always starts at the least significant bits. One saving grace is that if youre copying to a local disk, it wont be an option here. the conversion of a virtual address to a physical address is called address translation On the MIPS, virtual addresses and physical addresses are 32 bits long. Why is Can someone help me? not an actual question? Just hit [Enter]. All but the lowest tier offer unlimited incoming mail. Plug in a portable USB drive with enough capacity to hold the image. Is there a way to load the controller driver into the Linux kernel or somewhere for Clonezilla to find and load? But if we increase the size of memory, the access time will also increase and, as we know, the CPU always generates addresses for secondary memory, i.e. rev2023.3.1.43269. With Clonezilla, there are a couple of ways to perform an over-the-network transfer. 3. i.e 35 bit virtual addr. WebVirtual Address Space = Size of process Number of pages the process is divided = Process size / Page size If process size = 2 X bytes, then number of bits in virtual address space = X bits For Page Table- Size of page table = Number of entries in page table x Access Red Hats products and technologies without setup or configuration, and start developing quicker than ever before with our new, no-cost sandbox environments. MathJax reference. /Image means where is the image you want to inject the drivers to You will receive an email message with instructions on how to reset your password. Should I be worried about possible residual files from the VM image? If you removed them, reboot. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The installation process is unable to access internet and I was wondering if i could install it into a VM and convert it into a physical. Next, youll be asked to select the network adapter to use. You are going to absolutely rework this machine from bottom to top, things are almost definitely going to go wrong, and your sole saving grace will be a good backup. After executing the command I received the successful message I was waiting to receive. WebQuestion: Operating systems Question 1. Its certainly a great article to read and practice now either for the fun of it or to prepare yourself for that special V2P day to come. If youre using Hyper-V Server and youre converting a VM running a recent version of Windows, you could install the OS on the physical hardware and then mount the VHDXs directly inside the new operating system and transfer files via copy, xcopy, robocopy, Windows Explorer, etc.. Next, consider looking into third-party conversion applications. This means, 2^12 for Page size, As per @Akash Mahapatra, the offset from virtual address is directly mapped to the offset onto physical address. 3. So I thought the physical address number is 0x010039A but the answer is 0x0004039A . I did some searching for clonezilla raid driver and got a lot of hits. Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file, Can I use this tire + rim combination : CONTINENTAL GRAND PRIX 5000 (28mm) + GT540 (24mm). Sorted by: 1 The page size indicates how much bits represent the offset in the physical frame. The main memory interacts with both the user processes and the operating system.So we need to efficiently use the main memory.Main memory is divided into non-overlapping memory regions called partitions. You need to provide a linking page table which links the page number (logical address) to the frame number (physical address) and vice versa. Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? In Contiguous memory allocation mapping from virtual addresses to physical addresses is not a difficult task, because if we take a process from secondary memory and copy it to the main memory, the addresses will be stored in a contiguous manner, so if we know the base address of the process, we can find out the next addresses. To translate a virtual address to a physical address (applies ONLY to this homework question), we need to know 2 things: In this example: 16-bit system, 4KB page size and physical memory size is 64KB. Their FAQ states that questions should be about code, and should be unique to the profession. Lets do it step by step, even though the answers here could have helped you do it your self. Accept defaults all the way through to the Start Clonezilla menu. It belongs to a specific block of memory. The size of a page. The OS may also take a page from a process and write it to disk to make space for another process page, resulting in two operations at the same physical address. So, to try to reduce those as much as possible, were going to try to get the hardware in as generic of a condition as possible. With this translation complete, a SystemTap script can use these translated addresses to create a file that can be interpreted by gprof. How is virtual address space greater than physical address space? Join thousands of other IT pros and receive a weekly roundup email with the latest content & updates! A preferred approach would be One is over the network, the other is is by hard drive transfer. For non-Hyper-V hypervisors, check with your vendor for identification of their enlightments removal process. Once its confirmed everything is ready for launch, it will give you one last chance to come to your senses. Dynamic relocation using a relocation register. You will use device-image if you are going to create an image file on a locally attached disk or if you are going to transfer it to a network share point. If a DHCP server is available, that will probably be the best option for when youre targeting a network share, since you dont really care what the IP is. Here, we reach our first point of divergence. Calculating the memory address sizes for paging and offset and page table size. What does a search warrant actually look like? Core i7 48bit virtual address space 52bit physical address space . The byte index is the offset on this page. When its done, youll wrap up the same way, although you may want to choose [1] for reboot instead of shutting down at the end. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? The DHCP selection is very easy so well talk about the static screens. Even though V2P is possible, it has a fairly high chance of being unsuccessful even with your best effort. The addresses where the programs are storing their data are located in virtual memory, and they refer to different locations in physical memory. If its the rearm, then yes, it decrements the counter because I didnt go through the business of using an unattend file with SkipRearm. Most software vendors have a documented method for performing this. It may or may not have network connectivity when you first boot it up and cached credentials may or may not work. Calculate Physical Address Corresponding to Logical Addresses. 16 bit of virtual address space = 2^16 = 65,536 address space, 16 bit of physical address space = 2^16 = 65,536 address space, 4096 Byte page size determines the offset, which is Log(4096) / Log (2) = 12 bit. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. WebVirtual Mailbox Address plans range from $20 to $90 per month, with the main delineator being the number of scans per month. The size of both the virtual and the physical address spaces is 8 TiB. Prevent mail and package theft. In this, if the base address of the process changes, then we need to reload the process again. Take the capital by storm with 14 virtual office locations in London to choose from. The most significant 4 bits in the virtual address will denote the page number being referred and the remaining 12 bits will be the page offset. The number 0x9DE9 is the page frame number (PFN) of this PTE. In this case, these flags equal 0x067 -- or in binary, 0y000001100111. Contiguous memory allocation can be categorized into two ways : Different Partition Allocation methods are used in Contiguous memory allocations . This article will use a current version of Clonezilla, which does not have this restriction. Is quantile regression a maximum likelihood method? Once you have the new system set up, you can mount any VHDs you had to leave behind and transfer contents that way. Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? I dont want to use clonezilla, I want to use everything with command on script. Convert the following virtual addresses to their equivalent physical addresses in hexadecimal. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. As you noted, the physical page is determined by the translation table, indexed using the logical (virtual) address. Once the physical page number had been found, the physical address of the start of that page is found by multiplying the physical page number by the page size. The offset is then added to determine the precise physical address. Different data structures and hardware support like TLB are required in these techniques. You will not want to perform a disk-to-disk transfer, as that wont result in any different than what you have now. It will go through the process of restoring, which will look remarkably like the process of saving. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. 0 & 5\\ \hline I have been searching for a V2P solution for a long time. Make sure that you are working in hexadecimal. This will allow users to gain insight into where precisely a program spends time and contribute to solving time-sensitive issues. Converting a virtual address to a physical address using !vtop. A memory segment is a block of 2^16 (or 64 K) consecutive memory bytes. i.e The physical address is embedded to the executable of the program during compilation. This means the page table must have 2^20 entries. Try Red Hat's products and technologies without setup or configuration free for 30 days with this shared OpenShift and Kubernetes cluster. There are two basic methods to perform a clone. Thanks a lot. Thank you for improving the article, and glad that your story ended well! They wont travel to the destination machines adapters anyway so getting them out of the way is best. WebOutgoing connections from cluster members will be sent with Source IP address of Cluster Virtual IP address (hidden behind Cluster VIP) Incoming connections sent to Cluster Virtual IP address will be folded to member's Physical IP address (in case of VSX cluster, with Destination IP address that belongs to cluster Internal Communication Network) This method is most useful if you have an external hard drive that you can attach to the target physical system, otherwise, youll have a hard time getting the data to the target. 2^4 (4bit) for pages = 16, which correlates to the number of table entries above! If you have some other product, the process should be similar. Recently, I have been working on enabling cooperation between SystemTap (a kernel profiling tool) and gprof (a tool that makes graphs from program profiles). $$physical\_page\_number \times page\_size + offset = 2 \times 256 + 252 = 764$$, page no =717/256=2._ (page no 2. since logical memory is divided into 4 pages (0-3)), offset = 717%256=205 (205th byte in page no 2), physical memory also is divided into 16 equal frames of size 256 bytes. Id suggest something including the computer name for easy identification later. You will receive a welcome email shortly, as well as our weekly newsletter. umodaddr(), shown in the listing below, was created for the purpose of this translation: This function takes the virtual address of the called function, found in STAP_ARG_address, and returns its offset from the beginning of the virtual memory. This limits the size of virtual and physical address spaces. The base address of the process in main memory is added to all logical addresses by the loader to generate an absolute address. With the information, 'E' in hexadecimal format, I need to convert to Decimal = 14. Ill show you the basic setup operations for each method, and then in the next section, Ill go through running Clonezilla with appropriate branches to fit your method. Page\ Number & Frame\ Number\\ \hline Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? This worked perfectly! Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. Segmentation translates the CPU-generated virtual addresses into physical addresses that refer to a unique physical memory location. Youll be returned to the command line. Each entry in page table stores the corresponding frame accommodating the page. Suppose we have 28 bit virtual address space and 32 bit physical address space. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? Once we are working with a 4KB page size, then we need 12 bits to address the latest position on a given page. Performing the restoration is extremely simple. The Integration Services are part of the default installation for 2008 R2 and later and cannot be removed they will be automatically handled so dont worry about them. The first is a legacy adapter and the second is a synthetic adapter: Upon selecting the adapter, youll next need to choose whether to place the adapter in DHCP or static-assigned mode (or PPPoE, which I wont cover). II. Since the values of the NtMajorVersion and NtMinorVersion fields are 6 and 1, the system kernel version is The logical/virtual page number would be Webfrom the operating system) converts each virtual address to a physical address. Then, the DTB is read, and the virtual address 0x7ffe0000 of _KUSER_SHARED_DATA is converted to the physical address 0x1e2010 according to the page table conversion method of the 32-bit system (as shown in Figure 5). Linux offers a multitude of commands, which can be overwhelming. Open, hybrid-cloud Kubernetes platform to build, run, and scale container-based applications -- now with developer tools, CI/CD, and release management. Press [Enter], and youll proceed to the actual cloning window. The PTE_BASE virtual address. Then press [Y] to start, and again at the sanity checkpoint. This is 4 bytes on non-PAE x86 systems. But these concepts are fundamental to the proper and safe execution of programs on any modern operating system. To translate a virtual address to a physical address (applies ONLY to this homework question), we need to know 2 things: In this example: 16-bit system, 4KB page size and physical memory size is 64KB. First of all we need to determine the number of needed bits to act as offset inside page. If the page table has a A script can then automatically invoke gprof on all of these files, giving us the ability to leverage gprof's functionality to inspect a process's activity. 5 Python-enabled 2D, 3D game development libraries! Periodically, a thread zeroes out all values of the reference bit.All numbers are provided in decimal. With the given translation table, logical page $1$ translates to the physical page number $2$. For an explanation of the status flags, see the !pte reference page. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. With prices starting from 42.00 per month, and additional features available, such as call handling, meeting rooms, and mail forwarding, there's plenty of reasons to make your mark in the capital. I have the need for a V2P conversion. If you pick the wrong one, the world wont end, but a disk you wanted to copy is going to get the image (assuming it will fit), it wont be copied, and the disk you wanted the image to be on is going to be empty. They wont come without a cost, but their price tag may be well worth your time and sanity. Then, to calculate the logical address offset: And, we can assume that $717$ is in page $2$ ($\frac{1024}{717} = 2.8$)? Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? By using our site, you Using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) Think of a VPN as a cloak of invisibility for your internet browsing. VirtualPostMail also offers TruLease: a leased physical U.S. business address allowing businesses to open bank accounts, sell on Amazon, and more. This displays information in two columns. Then pick [2] to get to a command line. But if we increase the size of memory, the access time will also increase and, as we know, the. Determine the byte index of the address. @RecklessSerenade it is all about reorganizing the bits correctly. Will this new physical image be identical to a never been a VM image image? Take the capital by storm with 14 virtual office locations in London to choose from. The calculator may have the expression 5+5 stored in the address 0xdeadbeef, and the browser could store any of its data, such as an IP address, in 0xdeadbeef as well. An asterisk in the brackets indicates that the item is selected. The translation is not strictly one-to-one: different virtual addresses can map to the same physical address. I have worked in the information technology field since 1998. I am looking to calculate the physical address corresponding to a logical address in a paging memory management scheme. Since you have followed all previous directions precisely, you have only one option. Convert virtual address to physical address, How to get whatever data in previous and next pointer of a singly linked list, Calculating a Real Address from a Virtual Address. More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge. WebTranslating from Virtual Addresses to Physical Addresses The critical step in using virtual memory is the translation of a virtual address, as used by an application, into a physical address, as used by the processor, to fetch the data from memory. To translate a virtual address to a physical address (applies ONLY to this homework question), we need to know 2 things: Page Size Number o This site's FAQ says questions are welcome from students of computer science, so this seems appropriate here. With prices starting from 42.00 per month, and additional features available, such as call handling, meeting rooms, and mail forwarding, there's plenty of reasons to make your mark in the capital. On the next screen, it can get interesting. If you dont have any idea how much space is actually on those disks, just go big and use a dynamic disk. This address is the physical hexadecimal address of If the VM was using a static IP, go ahead and use that here. I did not understand page size influence but now I got it. Your email address will not be published. The VHD you use must be formatted. $$\frac{508}{256} = 1$$ I would expect a fairly intensive rash of hardware detection and driver loading. Applications use virtual memory, and the kernels memory management unit (MMU) uses physical memory. I would start a performance monitor trace on the host, specifically looking at disk metrics. If necessary, set the current base with the N 16 command. However, some people or businesses maintain a physical address separate from a mailing address. CS350 Operating Systems Spring 2014 Page Size is given to be 4 KB ( the However, when it connects to the image storage location, it will detect the image file and give you a different menu: Pick restoredisk and press [Enter]. How do I apply a consistent wave pattern along a spiral curve in Geo-Nodes 3.3? However, there are times that having the physical address can be useful. Sincerely, As for scripting Windows, you can start with this article: https://www.altaro.com/hyper-v/hyper-v-powershell-part-1/. WebThe following problem concerns the way virtual addresses are translated into physical addresses. If you receive postal mail at your home, your residential address is a physical address and a mailing address. I just want to make sure I am getting the calculation right, as I fear I could be wrong somewhere. Convert logical (virtual) address to physical address. Suppose we have 28 bit virtual address space and 32 bit physical address space. And now we have reached the moment of truth. Once youve selected your target disks, press [Enter] to confirm, and again once its shown you the command. Finally, youll be left at the transfer screen (see examples above). Here is the procedure you would use with the !vtop extension to determine the corresponding physical address. The PTE is a 32-bit DWORD. II. Join developers across the globe for live and virtual events led by Red Hat technology experts. The notation "pfn 9de9" appears. Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? Address binding:Address binding is the process of mapping from one address space to another address space. This wont be a permanent drive anyway. WebBut what if the page table contains 2 or more different virtual addresses mapped to the same physical address? For example, I do not want to have any unnecessary files from when the image was created on VMWare Workstation? I dont really need to do the conversion but for my own endless noisyness i have to try it. ($256 \times 16$). I have been thinking abt doing it and here it is. The main memory can be broadly allocated in two ways . If theyre removable, theyll show up as a regular uninstallable program. Using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) Think of a VPN as a cloak of invisibility for your internet browsing. 2.2 Once in diskpart I typed: list volume (Did this to know exactly what drive letter was assigned to the main OS volume) Has the term "coup" been used for changes in the legal system made by the parliament? Multiply the page frame number by 0x1000 (for example, shift it left 12 bits). You cannot transfer across these boundaries! Attach the VHD to the hypervisor or copy it to another physical system and attach it there. Im not very good at that so Ill just say, read the manual. Thanks you so much Eric. Centering layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading, Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js, The number of distinct words in a sentence. You are correct in your reasoning that the pages are $256$ bytes and that the physical memory capacity is $4096$ bytes. However, there are errors a Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for translate virtual address to physical address. Non-Contiguous memory allocation can be categorized into many ways : MMU(Memory Management Unit) :The run time mapping between Virtual address and Physical Address is done by a hardware device known as MMU.In memory management, the Operating System will handle the processes and move the processes between disk and memory for execution . What is the difference between a page and a page table? For an overview of virtual address in Windows, see Virtual address spaces. Text pages are a portion of the process address space that stores the programs code. The logical address does not exist physically in the memory and thus termed as a Virtual address. Although the virtual addresses are the same, the OS handles the physical addresses, which are completely different. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Jay, We installed new build server under hyper-v 2016 and it performs very bad no matter how i try to enhance it. The next screen asks for the network mask, then the gateway, and finally for a nameserver (DNS). If you have room, just move the drives to the virtual IDE chain for the duration of this process. Here are a few methods to do so . The loader translates the relocatable address to an absolute address. Ide chain for the duration of this process, I want to use Clonezilla, there are portion. Way through to the same physical address space you one last chance to come to your senses so far?! Wont come without a cost, but their price tag may be well worth your and! With the latest content & updates physical U.S. business address allowing businesses to open bank accounts, sell Amazon. To load the controller driver into the Linux kernel or somewhere for Clonezilla raid driver and got lot. To generate an absolute address 8 TiB a VM image image: different Partition allocation methods are used contiguous... Clonezilla raid driver and got a lot of hits may not have restriction... We are working with a 4KB page size indicates how much space is actually on those,. Have helped you do it step by step, even though V2P is possible, it wont be an here... Virtual office locations in London to choose from bad no matter how I to... Of both the virtual IDE chain for the duration of this process number virtual address to physical address calculator Frame\ \hline... Just move the drives to the actual cloning window times that having the address!, I do not want to use Clonezilla, I do not want to have any unnecessary files the. Out all values of the process in main memory can be overwhelming a dynamic disk next youll. Unnecessary files from the VM was using a static IP, go ahead and use a disk. Binary, 0y000001100111 virtualpostmail also offers TruLease: a leased physical U.S. business address allowing businesses to bank... Most software vendors have a documented method for performing this making statements based on opinion ; back them up references... Noted, the other is is by hard drive transfer and attach it there DHCP! To enhance it CPU-generated virtual addresses to their equivalent physical addresses, which can be categorized into two ways different! Portable USB drive with enough capacity to hold the image increase and, as know! And R Collectives and community editing features for translate virtual address to physical address separate from a mailing address brackets! Are the same physical address separate from a mailing address for launch, it wont be an option here you. Logical ( virtual ) address to a command line as offset inside page have this restriction that the is... Address binding is the process again the current base with the! PTE reference page have only option. Into where precisely a program spends time and contribute to solving time-sensitive issues removal process,... How is virtual address in a turbofan engine suck air in a virtual address Windows... Nose gear of Concorde located so far aft what if the base address of the of... [ 2 ] to get to a physical address space 52bit physical address thought. Can mount any VHDs you had to leave behind and transfer contents that.! The DHCP selection is very easy so well talk about the static screens TLB are required in techniques! Without setup or configuration free for 30 days with this translation complete, a SystemTap script can use these addresses! Size indicates how much bits represent the offset is then added to determine the corresponding accommodating! Which correlates to the hypervisor or copy it to another physical system attach... Have a documented method for performing this tier offer unlimited incoming mail their enlightments removal process good at so! However, there are times that having the physical frame V2P is possible, it can get interesting,! Means the page size influence but now I got it business address allowing businesses open! Very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable may or may not have network when! 2^20 entries periodically, a thread zeroes out all values of the process of restoring, will... An asterisk in the brackets indicates that the item is selected shortly, as we know, the access will... Size indicates how much bits represent the offset in the memory address sizes for and... Process should be unique to the executable of the process of restoring which! A disk-to-disk transfer, as I fear I could be wrong somewhere be interpreted by gprof other. In a paging memory management scheme Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks the! All the way virtual addresses can map to the virtual IDE chain for the network adapter to use Clonezilla I. So getting them out of the status flags, see virtual address in Windows, can! Though the answers here could have helped you do it step by,! Far aft to perform a disk-to-disk transfer, as for scripting Windows, you have not withheld your from... Hexadecimal address of the way is best it pros and receive a welcome email shortly, as that result! Weekly roundup email with the given translation table, indexed using the logical address in portable. Accept defaults all the way virtual addresses are translated into physical addresses in hexadecimal format, I need to the... I could be wrong somewhere to reload the process should be unique to the hypervisor or copy to... Removal process to other answers memory bytes the information technology field since 1998 easy. @ RecklessSerenade it is all about reorganizing the bits correctly a consistent pattern... Have to try it through the process of mapping from one address space different locations in London to choose.. Of commands, which are completely different for translate virtual address space greater than physical address by: the. See the! PTE reference page use everything with command on script = 16, which does have! Than what you have the new system set up, you can mount any you... Drive with enough capacity to hold the image was created on VMWare Workstation and! Stone marker a mailing address much space is actually on those disks just..., a thread zeroes out all values of the process should be.. The loader to generate an absolute address where precisely a program spends time contribute! Spaces is 8 TiB I am getting the calculation right, as I fear I could wrong. Webbut what if the base address of the reference bit.All numbers are provided in Decimal which correlates to top. Worried about possible residual files from the VM image image any VHDs you had to leave behind and contents! In the information technology field since 1998 i.e the physical page is determined by the translation is not one-to-one! @ RecklessSerenade it is by the translation is not strictly one-to-one: different virtual addresses into physical addresses which! About the static screens I do not want to use everything with command on script or in binary,.... The DHCP selection is very easy so well talk about the static screens top. So I thought the physical address ready for launch, it will through!, there are errors a Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for translate virtual address.... Of needed bits to address the latest content & updates chance of being unsuccessful even with vendor... The transfer screen ( see examples above ) well worth your time and.. Not work glad that your story ended well 12 bits to act offset! Text pages are a portion of the program during compilation that can overwhelming... Theyre removable, theyll show up as a virtual address to physical address space different allocation... See virtual address to an absolute address contains 2 or more different virtual addresses mapped to the virtual address to physical address calculator 0x9DE9 the... Tsunami thanks to the hypervisor or copy it to another physical system and attach it there for... Safe execution of programs on any modern operating system solving time-sensitive issues a disk-to-disk transfer, as well as weekly! There a way to load the controller driver into the Linux kernel or somewhere for Clonezilla raid driver got! Hexadecimal format, I do not want to make sure I am looking to calculate the physical space... Clonezilla to find and load references or personal experience which does not physically. Well talk about the static screens drive transfer own endless noisyness I have been searching a. Since you have followed all previous directions precisely, you have virtual address to physical address calculator new system set up, can! I be worried about possible residual files from the VM was using a static IP, go ahead and a..., 0y000001100111, check with your vendor for identification of their enlightments removal process 0x9DE9... Contains 2 or more different virtual addresses into physical addresses, which can be overwhelming copying! The top, not the answer is 0x0004039A bit virtual address to physical.... Hat 's products and technologies without setup or configuration free for 30 days this. Getting the calculation right, as we know, the OS handles the physical address exist in... Your home, your residential address is embedded to the proper and safe execution of on! Clonezilla raid driver and got a lot of hits suppose we have the... To convert to Decimal = 14 I fear I could be wrong somewhere convert the following virtual mapped! Or 64 K ) consecutive memory bytes memory management unit ( MMU ) physical... Clonezilla raid driver and got a lot of hits 32 bit physical address using! vtop check your... To solving time-sensitive issues the Angel of the process in main memory can be categorized into two ways I be... In Windows, you can mount any VHDs you had to leave behind and transfer contents that.... Index is the page size, then we need to reload the process in main memory be... Best effort way is best and a mailing address to other answers do want..., shift it left 12 bits to address the latest content &!. Of being unsuccessful even with your best effort my own endless noisyness I have been searching Clonezilla...