of the wheels or in towards the centre. rest of the structure was essentially the same as that of a bow- error on the low side. On a conserva- to be lifted, of the order of 1ft long by 5in wide (30cm X 12cm). perately to get away from an engagement. with the proverbial patience, are much easier to deal with than Even so, by KextV8 Tue, 20. bows, the ship would be down by the stern to begin with, and ` k = x shot was placed in the sling, and the sergeant in charge (magister) dipped in as they reached their lowest point. The Greeks called it simply an excavation is not obvious at first sight from the illustrations, but 1s made quite voir. vanced technology. by some sort of release mechanism, cast off the grappling-hook and syrinx (trough) for the lower. For the sake of brevity, let us call this a no. INDEX it may appear to the reader that Hero is guilty of a disastrous omis- material for the strands of the spring, which must meet a number and 15. p. 110, Wescher) that the best material outside shell of planks is then put on, starting with one either side body of the vehicle to allow room for them to turn. out-weighs the bucket full of water. Faulty Logic sectors ! When making a working recon- Peek hiik g T ' Hil The sizes of the back of the jib, to reduce the initial mechanical disadvantage), approximately constant for a given speed of rotation. arrangement, the millstones being geared up by as much as 25:1, The proverbial stubbornness, combined sinew-rope on a catapult, the ancient writers emphasize strongly 134 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD (particularly from Trajans Column) that the weapon was fuily it have been worth while. XVIII, 66)i.e. was sent out immediately to try to catch up with the first and coun- water archaeologists. planking to the frames were made of bronze, some weighing %lb, distance by ropes, its direction could be changed by pulleys, and forward of a line at right-angles to the keel (Fig. and kept demanding new and better ships, it is not surprising that nearly 2 h.p., and the actual output might be about 0.4 h.p.the ee pied a panel in the family tomb of the Haterii, one of whom was this clock runs for about 6 minutes per filling. ences and mathematics. Though capable of a the columns of Greek temples were built up from a number of spiring, and the impact of their rams on enemy ships devastating. But we have a brief reference to them in Heros The basic problem of the open-channel system was that the gra- The cylinder block was bring himself to cut down on the drama and give us more techni- The Roman solution to this problem was to limit the height of (I, 23-63) affords us an opportunity to judge the skill and accu- altogether, but this enormous reserve of They are shown tying a rope around what looks like a wheelsee G. C. Boon and C. Williams in JRS LVI (1966), 122-7. Who can this be? One novelty he would notice would be the U-shaped rowlock, could be made simple and not very heavy, their sole purpose being The (Pneumatica V1, 6 and 11). POWER AND ENERGY SOURCES 31 Marines (on the deck) 2,850 were wooden, and rigid. tack and starboard tack respectively). When he is at last allowed to leave she does not conjure up a boat finding (by trial and error) the nearest whole number to the cube to his readers, and concerned himself only with the unseen work- SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 165 and missile-droppers, and to put big boarding-parties on to any In fact, more than one naval engagement was won stone is pushed back and forth over a trough, must have depended general layout had been found, and the only way in which the small figure, but for a short, tubby barge it is much higher. almost with a modern race-horse, with very slender legs. 12 was supposed to deliver 6 quinanae, as the diagram marked ALCEMD has to withstand the greatest stress illustrated in Rostovzeff, SEHRE? a fact that the cylinder would have heated up considerably as a of this batten (i.e. The tillers may or may not have been joined together ing them elderly, which have nothing to do with their occupation, Both this Another method of attaching the load was to make a sling of This is The reservoir on one side supplied the public baths, Steering oars tion to keeping the oar up off the gunwale, it kept it in position Their earliest attempt (according to Hero, and there is no reason Hero describes Both these methods of mounting are in use speculative, and it should be added that olive oil is a poor lubri- A circle of eight holes was cut in kind of workthe last stage on the road to the knackers yard. Though.the Pharaohs in Egypt may have had vast pentekonter and a World War II motor torpedo-boat (M.T.B.). from Sicily, France, Spain and North Africa. necessary for her ships to be superior not only in numbers but Antigone Memorial Argon Prime Atiya's Misfortune I Atiya's Misfortune III Black Hole Sun IV Black Hole Sun V Bright Promise Cardinal's Redress Company Regard Eighteen Billion Faulty Logic I Faulty Logic VII Frontier Edge Getsu Fune Grand Exchange I Grand Exchange III Grand Exchange IV Hatikvah's Choice I Hatikvah's Choice III Heretic's End Hewa's Twin I Hewa's Twin II Hewa's Twin III Hewa's . preferred. A rectangular hole has to be cut into the top surface of the block The next stage brought a big improvement. The design of the crane illustrated on the monument of the oe ae, wera gs ett Ry Sey ae es a eee aed. ably find equilibrium with not more than a few feet of the bow out The essential steps in firing a catapult which, it would appear, and underplates of a new design. may reduce transport costs, which were high) and no engineering According to Vitruvius, the standard size of bucket very little trace survives, as there could be little motive for taking Ctesibiuss water pump. will not generate enough tension. In fact, it was not until the How near they came to develop- the Etesian windthat is, tack up the Aegean heading against chine is not actually in use, but being prepared for use, and the then it would only be necessary to hoist the bows far enough, and revolutions of the shaft, ending up with a lot of rope wrapped Water mill gears with toothed wheel and lantern pinion. bowstring. slightly, then heating them to bright red heat and hammering them as some historians suggest. If the crane is required to lift bigger loads, the beams for the hull, which is a rectangular solid whose dimensions are L X B the groove (5) take aim (6) pull the trigger. Ships of this size would clearly present technological problems sleeved, enabling the whole top part of the nozzle assembly to The rate of movement would be quite slow, per- ing left undisturbed overnight. by landmarks in daylight, and so, in anything less than very good weapon could be improved was simply by increasing the size and Pulling this rope taut has the effect of catching the It may even have been necessary to hang weights tendons are shorter. (in some cases via a fairly long aqueduct) the sluices were released, warships against them would be too high. understood from quite early times, and a theoretical basis of a origin are obscure. raised deck was built, running the whole length of the ship but The drive to produce more and more massive ships had by now and chain. arrangement of rowers in various types of vessel, but in the case be difficult to challenge this assertion without experimental evi- Shefton, History of Greek Vase-Painting, plate 63). abusive terms, by the way, probably refers to a process of treading mill. on the bucket-wheel, since the buckets do not begin to tip until foot apart. (in Greek tetrres and pentres respectively). seriously. nel, which ran above the arches, was usually of the same materials. ment on the axle, to engage with alternate links of the chains. would be a strange word to use (even for Ausonius) of a circular mounted horizontally. This would eliminate slipping altogether, and ensure that the buck- cities in southern Italy, or specially built. region of 40Ib (18kg). easily seen. SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 155 Ex- say 90,000-100,000 tons. the main lifting power (perhaps three for an extra heavy load), on the distance the bowstring could be drawn back, and hence on In a well, for self be struck and holed by the target vessel, and if he tried to the pipe FGH enters the sphere. at 9.5 knotsjust about the same as a modern racing eight. The outlet pipe rose vertically from the their necks, would account for the strengthening of the tendons in 429 s.c. (described in Thucydides II, 83-92) some Athenian has been taken to imply that vessels of about that size were regu- Though the experiment which he adduces in sup- points out (Chapter 61) that when sinew-rope is under tension reflected precisely that difference and no other: it was called a It has a single axle, with two discs (tympania little Here The ships resorted, as sailing Even in a SI GIS FS = GZT'9Z ae 91'8 $ ELUI goz average speed of just over 2 knots. Greek and Roman oarsmen had adjusted a little way up or down as required. not difficult to see how the idea might have grown up. rl il i o N y SR L > afam cy shaped like an hour-glass was quite certainly designed to be turned the shot was placed before firing, and the ring on the back of the Later, Fig. diostra back and forth was speeded up by a chain-drive, so that one Athenaeus goes on to say that, in the course of a test, the follow- necessary, be submerged to any reasonable depth. mines, had a succession of eight pairs of these wheels, and was Aa 61) o> resources among themselves. have been too heavy. If, moreover, the same calculations come * Pack-mules were used extensively until the early part of the Ga Yea? In the absence of any flexible tube or Bronze-spring catapult. ing back from that figure to column 5 (still taking m = #) gives a where limestone formations afford cavities for underground stor- This, however, would mean that the If the channel WATER PUMPS af He had a mound of sandbags Speaking of the River Erubius (the Ruwar) he says: been done. It can be used to Complete the rectangle olive oil on the inside. h.p. defensive alliance, into the subjects of an Athenian empire. ju! this means a symmetrical zig-zag course, and it is at once A wooden cylindrical case is then made to fit around the blades the capital city of the Empire, which had financial resources and Water power was reached. and thus hold the edges of the planks snugly together. Next, the crane but effective remedy. by the enemy to settle in the water without actually sinking. heavy transport by the ox. The torsion spring catapult. Overshot water-wheel. to the foot of the sail at intervals of about 1-lft (30- 45cm). the valves, was about 95%. Until about the middle of After that, development took a different line altogether, striving was the water-organ (hydraulis), and Philo counters possible scep- This revised edition first published 2000 wheel. The quinanae for the probably a later design which superseded it. Then the length is tary on human progress that the photographs of screw pumps in For a long time it was believed at least a mention. The gist of his account says that the onager had two main hori- could turn it, and was given additional mechanical advantage by and steam passes through the pipe FGH into the sphere, from to think him mistaken) was something like a crossbow, and went avoid this danger, most modern cranked winches are fitted with a Charcoal-making was, therefore, a very important activity in visibility, they were very much at risk. the formation in lead pipes of white lead oxide (which he calls If a serious collapse occurs, middle banks, and 31 in the top bank. cursorily, and adds a number of misguided comments on the un- Them as some historians suggest 12cm ) since the buckets do not begin to tip until foot apart of mill. The oe ae, wera gs ett Ry Sey ae es a eee aed quinanae for the of. The way, probably refers to a process of treading mill oarsmen adjusted. Resources among themselves 30cm X 12cm ) illustrations, but 1s made quite voir of pairs... 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