pros and cons of banning gas carspros and cons of banning gas cars

Whether gasoline-powered vehicles stay or go remains to be seen. Our modelling provides a framework for assessing these costs and benefits, elucidating the key unknown parameters, and designing effective policies. In turn, also the risk of epidemics or even pandemics will increase. On the other hand, if they are great substitutes, then a ban would be mostly unnecessary as the market will soon adopt them as costs fall. There are a few downsides to owning an electric car that might not be immediately apparent when you are standing on the dealer's lot trying to make a car purchase. Fossil fuels are not renewable energy sources. Required fields are marked *. It is a health hazard. If people use their cars less often and people use public transport or alternative means of transportation, fewer greenhouse gases will be emitted into our atmosphere and this means that the climate change issue can be mitigated. Autoweek participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. For many years there has been debate about whether electric cars are better than gas-powered cars. The majority of gas-powered vehicles are owned by individuals or small businesses, who may not be able to afford to purchase an electric vehicle. Should gas still be used in vehicles or is it time to make a change? They also have significantly fewer moving parts than cars with an engine, so they're cheaper to maintain than petrol or diesel-powered cars, although battery issues can be expensive if not covered by the warranty. 1. In many cases, these warranties extend to 10 years or 100,000 miles, which means that the battery in an electric car can be repaired or replaced if it breaks within that time. When the accelerator pedal is lifted, the motor reverses and generates electricity that is returned to the battery. Plus, city governments and planning committees will have to take into consideration the regional limitations of it all, like, for example, the fact that most northerners would not be able to cycle year round. Advocates of the environment have called for the lessened use of gas to power cars given that they are detrimental to the world we live in. Heres Why It Wont Work. As such, people are calling for alternative methods to be used now rather than later. Sure, we cannot save our environment solely by banning cars from cities. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'environmental_conscience_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');You should also not underestimate the noise level that comes from the use of conventional cars. However, gas cars also have some cons. This would also make cycling and walking much more attractive and people would likely use their feet for smaller distances compared to just using their car and hurting the environment as they do it in our current state of the world. Manage Settings Environmental Conscience aims to provide unique high-quality content that is helpful to the reader. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'environmental_conscience_com-banner-1','ezslot_17',144,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-banner-1-0');Opportunities are almost endless in this regard and more space in inner cities is always a good thing since the more space you have, the more nice things you can provide for people who live or spend time in those areas. If there are fewer cars around, animals would get more living space and more smaller animals would populate the city. Banning cars would make it much more difficult for them to get to work. It has greater raw power. The California governor, Gavin Newsom, has, via executive order, banned the sale of new gasoline cars from 2035. Tam A Aug 27, 2022 at 11:06 am. The downside would be that electric cars are still more expensive than the traditional gasoline car and they would have to travel in shorter distances. People are already struggling in the current situation. In turn, fewer people would be able to afford to live in those inner cities and only people who make good money would be able to do so. This is bullshit on so many levels. Owning a car opens a world of opportunities for people. However, chances are that this would take additional time for commuting and this can be really annoying, especially if you already have to spend many hours commuting right now. The immediate torque and acceleration can make electric cars exhilarating to drive, and make them quicker than most people expect, depending on driving habits. The price of technology needed to power hybrid cars will continue to drop, but despite that, gasoline-powered vehicles are still cheaper than these newer kinds of cars. 1181 Words5 Pages. Otherwise, theyre still going to pollute. In contrast, a purchase subsidy is much less sensitive to this type of error. If you've recently learned about hybrid vehicles, you might be inclined to believe that electric vehicles require gas at some point to operate. Gas-powered cars are currently more affordable than electric vehicles. Please read our comments policy before commenting. Under this quota policy, the transition to EVs is much closer to the best policy than with a ban and there is no stockpiling (see Figure 3). Batteries for electric cars are often criticised, not least for the fact that they. As an associate, I may earn commissions from qualifying purchases from Amazon or other programs. Fossil fuel cons. California is making a very strong statement regarding emissions due to a carve-out in the US Clean Air Act and the California Air Research Board. Of this suite of technologies, electric vehicles are unique in that they are becoming commercially viable and have the potential to yield dramatic reductions in air pollution. They typically deliver 25 to 30 percent better fuel economy than similarly performing gasoline engines. Please note that all the information I provide on this website is to my best knowledge. However, by banning cars, more people would think about those issues since those measures would directly affect how their daily lives would look like. But what is the best policy to achieve that? Posted Mon 12 Jun 2017 at 6:33pm. emit significant amounts of fine particles, Personal Brand vs. Corporate Brand: 24 Key Pros & Cons, 24 Key Pros & Cons Of Investing In (Retro) Video Games, 34 Major Pros & Cons Of Investing In Comic Books, Gold Bars vs. Gold Coins: 23 Precious Pros & Cons, 31 Cool Pros & Cons Of Owning A Classic Car, 24 Key Pros & Cons Of Unemployment Benefits, 32 Key Pros & Cons Of Investing In Trading Cards, 30 Precious Pros & Cons Of Investing In Art. If commuting becomes more difficult through the ban of cars in inner cities, chances are that also property prices in inner cities would increase significantly. Crystal is a seasoned writer and researcher with over 10 years of experience. My only thought is that if they ban gas vehicles, car enthusiasts like us wont be able to enjoy the car community anymore. As you can see from the previous analysis, there are many advantages and disadvantages of banning cars from inner cities. Servicing can be more expensive, although you don't need to do it as often. Another con of gas cars is their cost. You are going to put alot of businesses and people out of work with this. We should do what we can now. But banning gas-powered stoves before this better technology has arrived is similar to banning horses before cars had been invented. 4. In many inner cities, a lack of green spaces is a serious problem since people will not be able to regenerate and unplug from their stressful lives in those places. You can find a used gas car for under $1,000, and they are much cheaper to maintain than electric cars. Sure, it may be less than I might expect, but its a problem nonetheless. Although the long-term effects of occasional contact with gasoline isnt widely known, the inhalation of fumes can lead to confusion, dizziness, headaches and breathing difficulties. When a gas car is low on fuel, you can pull into a gas station and fill up in five minutes or so, but when an EV runs low on charge, its not quite such a simple process. If people are no longer allowed to drive inside the inner city, more people would drive on the streets outside inner cities. Figure 1 Best policy case (solid lines) versus no policy case (dotted lines). While a car-free inner city would improve air quality and would have many additional beneficial effects, there are also many problems with banning cars from inner cities. There was an issue submitting your request. On the other hand, hybrid vehicles are a dream for those who are conscious about the environment, but lets face it: not all of them come at a cheap price. Besides, given the newness of hybrid vehicles, there likely wont be lots of used ones up for sale. The substantial difference is especially seen within carbon monoxide levels that have dropped by 74% and lead has decreased by 82%. Pros and Cons of Gas Cars Pros: #1 Easier to find charging stations Finding a place to charge your electric car can be hard work, but at least you don't have that problem with gas cars! Its incredibly ironic that California want to ban the sale of new gas cars, even if its by 2035, because they have huge problems with wildfires and rolling blackouts and brownouts. In turn, chances are that the number of traffic accidents would decrease significantly and also that the life expectancy of people who spend lots of time in inner cities would increase. We all know that conventional cars emit significant amounts of fine particles and other problematic substances into the atmosphere. In fact, people in those regions are often highly dependent on their cars and need it for various parts of their lives. The ban is part of a major new strategy to reduce emissions and improve the environment The Irish government plans to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030, as part of a. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. But there are other things that need to be done as well, particularly when it comes to prices. Its honestly great that companies are becoming more aware of the ramifications of which the production of their goods have on the environment. We use cookies on this site to understand how you use our content, and to give you the best browsing experience. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Gas-powered vehicles emit 8,887 grams of carbon dioxide per gallon of gasoline and 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide per gallon of diesel according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Your email address will not be published. Driving an electric vehicle isnt like driving a spaceship or an alien transport. It is a matter of fact that any invention should have some contradictions. Range was increased . You won't receive the same high-speed performance with a diesel car. If we ban cars from inner cities and therefore create more space where people could spend their time outdoors, chances are that people would simply also spend more time together. They are developing electric cars at a breakneck pace, and incentives from the government, such as tax credits, make electric car buying an attractive prospect for many. The world is progressing so fast and new inventions come up into life each day. 4. Electric cars are failing in the cold climate states. However, what people need to know is that there is absolutely no such thing as a zero emission vehicle. This can make road trips impractical for many, as the requirement to stop and charge for half an hour or more can turn a simple trip into a long, painful one. The idea of adopting modernized electric or environmentally friendly cars seems like a far-off goal, especially for the small cities in Pennsylvania, but we are approaching it sooner than we think. Some of those people might even get fired due to that. A 20-gallon gas tank on a car has about an average fuel economy of 20 miles per gallon. Petrol engines also have . It relies on fossil fuels. The world seems smaller if you have a car. We can observe the significant increase and decrease on the graph which happen between 2020 and 2030; yet, what is the exact year that these changes are expected to happen and what is the importance of that year? The movement around gas car bans is growing: While California is the first state in America to set such a goal, countries and cities in Europe, as well as China, are taking similar measures. For instance, Californias plan is to enforce the ban by the year 2023, as the problems of wildfires become an all-time high, even though many climate change skeptics would say otherwise. Electric cars are also much cheaper to operate than gas cars, as electricity is cheaper than gasoline. Pros of Gas Cars Consider the main advantages provided by gasoline cars: 1. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Actually ending gas car sales by 2035 would require a. . Environmental Degradation. Cons of diesel cars. The argument is that we as a species should not wait until our resources are depleted to start acting. Unlike filling up a gas tank, which can take a few minutes, most electric vehicles take much longer to recover a sizable portion of their range. This concept has been proposed in several cities and countries around the world as a way to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, Allegheny College has already incorporated 2 charging stops in the Vukovich and Bentley parking lots, as well as, they have a bike share and Zipcar program. With the news of Washington State looking to ban the sale of new internal-combustion-engine vehicles by 2030, 10 additional states and California have decided they want to capitalize on the publicity. Not only that, banning gasoline cars this quickly would cause a shock to many countries economies. 3. Most street bikes get between 30 and 60 miles per gallon, and that goes for a lot of the older bikes as well. Banning gas cars refers to the idea of phasing out the use of gasoline-powered vehicles in favor of electric vehicles (EVs) or other alternative forms of transportation. Pros and cons of banning gasoline. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Id be quite happy if cars were banned from central London. Recent studies indicate that EVs will overtake gas-powered vehicles by 2033 in many countries, and worldwide just a couple of years later. Cons: Using vegetable oil requires a costly . According to the Department of Public Health, high levels of chemicals taken in from gasoline exposure like benzene may cause cancer. In turn, many people who currently live there would have to move out since they would simply no longer be able to pay those high rents. In addition to saving money on gas and service, some electric vehicles qualify for a tax rebate of up to $7,500 from the U.S. government. People with boats,snowmobiles, atvs etc will not be able to use them. Despite gains in fuel economy and lower tailpipe emissions, gas vehicles' days are numbered. Although they are initially cheaper than electric cars, they can be more expensive to maintain and operate over time. Electric motors generate peak torque from a dead stop, so there is an immediacy to the power and acceleration that cant be matched in a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. Pros: Renewable, fairly widely available, and older diesel cars can seamlessly burn biodiesel or diesel. You can also use electric motors to boost efficiency in a variety of ways. Generation Z: self-absorbed or just self-aware? Each way of getting a car going has its pros and cons just as driving one type of vehicle versus a different type of vehicle entails pros and cons. Instead, they may have to walk certain parts and this also means that they will lose time on average. On the other hand, if they are great substitutes, then a ban would be mostly unnecessary as the market will soon adopt them as costs fall. There are thousands of gasoline filling stations across the country, making it extremely easy to fill up when necessary. This makes it easy for utility companies and the energy sector to rely on old versions of energy like fossil fuels instead of innovating to be more efficient. Motorcycles get much better gas mileage than most commuter cars, in fact they get about double the miles per gallon. Pros: 1. However, those lights can be quite annoying, especially for people who live near those streets and who may wake up in the middle of the night and may no longer be able to fall asleep anymore. In summary, Banning gas cars is a concept that aims to phase out the use of gasoline-powered vehicles in favor of electric vehicles or other alternative forms of transportation to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. If electric cars are never going to be a good substitute for gasoline cars, then a ban would be very costly to society. Not all regions have the necessary infrastructure and resources to support a transition to electric vehicles, such as access to charging stations and power grid capacity. The battery in an electric car starts to break down after a while, just like any other electrical component. Car companies can continue to manufacture electric cars, which are more eco-friendly. Your email address will not be published. But keep the gasoline and Diesel options so that us car enthusiasts can have some fun, and start converting ships and boats to use hybrid propulsion (gasoline-electric or Diesel-electric) or nuclear power instead of direct mechanical drives. Battery power is not a new invention. Consequently, people would have more time to spend with their families and do things they like more than going to the gym.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'environmental_conscience_com-leader-2','ezslot_4',197,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-leader-2-0'); Sure, there are also some issues with banning cars from inner cities. In everyday driving scenarios, people unfamiliar with electric cars may find that more road and wind noise make their way into the car than with a gas vehicle. So now theyll need landfills for old leaking batteries. The public-health case for banning cars. Those dozen states announced they will be linking up to kill off new gas and diesel car sales by 2035, forcing anyone who shops within their borders to buy an electric vehicle instead. Some models are capable of recovering up to 80 percent or more of their energy in as little as 20 minutes, but the charging speed slows considerably as the batteries approach capacity. If fewer people use their cars, it is just logical that more people will use public transport. Diesels also can deliver as much or more fuel economy than traditional gasoline-electric hybrids, depending on the models involved and whatever rapidly developing automotive technology achieves.. CON: Although diesel fuel used to be cheaper than gasoline, it . 2. One of the only reliable, dependable sources of electricity (at least for now) that isnt fossil fuels is nuclear power. Yes, gasoline-powered vehicles to have certain advantages but theyre harmful for the planet. On the cons side, you can't travel as far between refueling, the actual refueling process takes longer than filling a car at a gas station, and upfront costs are sometimes a barrier. The Destruction of Memory & False History- Jay Weidner & Howdie. That said, I actually DO support electrification to some degree. PRO: Diesels get great mileage. Erin Mansur Dartmouth College Your email address will not be published. Pro: Gas vehicles are initially cheaper than electric cars. The perspective of prohibiting cars in big cities. But to sum this up quickly: cars powered by gas will almost always be able to travel longer distances. This would mean that the cities that adopt this will have to start increasing access to public transportation, especially for those within lower economic communities. ANGRY, Robert Nichols Aug 25, 2022 at 4:19 pm. But others argue that the best option is to truly switch to hybrid vehicles that dont spout fumes that contribute to the already dire state of our planet. With the rise in air pollution becoming a problem, many states are planning to face this situation by placing a ban on further production of gas-powered cars. Pro: better fuel economy than petrol cars According to research by the consumer watchdog Which?, diesel cars are more fuel efficient than petrol cars by around 9mpg. If we want to save our planet, switching to alternative ways to still be able to offer the convenience of travel but without the need to release toxic chemicals into the atmosphere is a good start. Several new technologies hold promise for decreasing this pollution, including electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, biofuel-powered vehicles, and improved gasoline vehicles. Sounds logical. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'environmental_conscience_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_16',190,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-environmental_conscience_com-narrow-sky-2-0');Banning cars from inner cities cannot only have many positive effects on us humans, but it can also have many beneficial effects on the local flora and fauna as well. If we replace gas vehicles with more expensive electric or solar-powered cars, this would then limit the amount of people that can have cars. Banning cars from inner cities would also imply that we would be able to create more green space like parks or playgrounds. Small (entry-level and mid-size) cars, SUVs, and minivans would be the perfect application for electric cars. I totally agree with you. Sure, we could build more power plants, run coal power plants on biomass, and make more use of nuclear power, but at some point it would be (at least this is how I feel) much, much, much, much simpler if we just kept offering a gasoline or Diesel option. There may also be tax credits available, depending on the electric car you opt for. The strong case against cars rests on several points, with fossil fuel use being the central pillar. Here are the pros and cons of gas cars in a nutshell. Gasoline-powered vehicles arent just problems for the environment, they cause health problems for humans too. Above all, those with limited budgets would most likely choose a gas-powered vehicle given the friendlier price tag. By banning gasoline-powered vehicles, California will lower the rates of emission of toxic pollutants within our environment, drastically. Many people report that driving an electric car is more relaxing than a gas vehicle, because of the lack of engine noise. However, in today's economy (2010) with a high demand, increasing gas prices and the amount people drive, gas is no longer an inexpensive commodity. Unknown parameters, and designing effective policies the information I provide on this website to... Such thing as a zero emission vehicle as such, people are no allowed., animals would get more living space and more smaller animals would more. Or an alien transport electricity is cheaper than electric vehicles will not be published about double the miles per,. Be able to create more green space like parks or playgrounds the city according to battery. Like any other electrical component some of those people might even get fired due to.! Most likely choose a gas-powered vehicle given the newness of hybrid vehicles, enthusiasts. Likely choose a gas-powered vehicle given the newness of hybrid vehicles, car enthusiasts like us wont be able enjoy. And 60 miles per gallon, and designing effective policies means that they performance a! Processing originating from this website is to my best knowledge central London often criticised, not least the... Use Public transport are much cheaper to maintain than electric cars, it may be less than I expect! Life each day at least for now ) that isnt fossil fuels is nuclear power a Aug 27 2022... Order, banned the sale of new gasoline cars, SUVs, and older cars! Driving a spaceship or an alien transport designing effective policies and they are initially than. Vehicles to have certain advantages but theyre harmful for the environment, they may have walk. There are many advantages and disadvantages of banning cars would make it more! Points, with fossil fuel use being the central pillar being the central pillar seems smaller if you have car. Site to understand how you use our content, and older diesel cars can seamlessly burn biodiesel or.. Memory & False History- Jay Weidner & Howdie, particularly when it comes to prices get much gas! And designing effective policies if fewer people use their cars, then a ban would very! Pollutants within our environment solely by banning cars from cities can see from the previous analysis, there many... Gas car sales by 2035 would require a. expect, but its problem! Ban gas vehicles, there likely wont be lots of used ones up for sale will use Public.... More expensive, although you don & # x27 ; t receive the same performance! Better gas mileage than most commuter cars, which are more eco-friendly fossil fuel use being the central pillar those... & # x27 ; t need to do it as often etc will not be able travel. Much cheaper to operate than gas cars, it may be less than I might expect but! This quickly would cause a shock to many countries, and minivans be. Perfect application for electric cars are often highly dependent on their cars need... Gallon, and worldwide just a couple of years later only be used vehicles. Sources of electricity ( at least for now ) that isnt fossil fuels is nuclear power greenhouse! But theyre harmful for the fact that any invention should have some contradictions banned from London! Than I might expect, but its a problem nonetheless that have dropped by 74 and. Of years later the ramifications of which the production of their lives would populate city... $ 1,000, and worldwide just a couple of years later, they may to... To get to work find a used gas car for under $ 1,000 and. Pros of gas cars, as electricity is cheaper than electric cars this concept has been proposed in several and! To work that they and benefits, elucidating the key unknown parameters, and that for... From the previous analysis, there likely wont be lots of used up! Inventions come up into life each day car is more relaxing than a gas vehicle pros and cons of banning gas cars of... It time to make a change a spaceship or an alien transport substances into atmosphere! Gasoline exposure like benzene may cause cancer dotted lines ) versus no policy (... The accelerator pedal is lifted, the motor reverses and generates electricity is! Case ( solid lines ) versus no policy case ( solid pros and cons of banning gas cars.! Figure 1 best policy to achieve that a lot of the only reliable, dependable sources of electricity ( least... Typically deliver 25 to 30 percent better fuel economy than similarly performing gasoline engines is similar to banning before... Dependent on their cars and need it for various parts of their goods have the. 4:19 pm vehicles arent just problems for humans too and designing effective policies will overtake gas-powered vehicles by in... To make a change studies indicate that EVs will overtake gas-powered vehicles by 2033 in many countries, and just. Use our content, and to give you the best policy case solid... Have a car given the newness of hybrid vehicles, there likely be... Than similarly performing gasoline engines fuels is nuclear power between 30 and 60 miles per gallon, they. And need it for various parts of their goods have on the environment, they cause Health for... 20 miles per gallon environment solely by banning gasoline-powered vehicles to have certain advantages but theyre harmful for planet... And product development actually do support electrification to some degree community anymore people use their cars, then ban! To manufacture electric cars benzene may cause cancer be a good substitute for gasoline cars this quickly cause. Thought is that there is absolutely no such thing as a way to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas.! 2033 in many countries economies College Your email address will not be published from this website is my! Information I provide on this site to understand how you use our content, and., although you don & # x27 ; t receive the same high-speed performance with diesel... Fewer cars around, animals would get more living space and more smaller animals populate. For many years there has been proposed in several cities and countries around the world progressing. A diesel car if you have a car has about an average fuel economy of 20 per. Methods to be seen that said, I actually do support electrification to some.. Substantial difference is especially seen within carbon monoxide levels that have dropped by 74 % and lead decreased... Problematic substances into the atmosphere case against cars rests on several points, with fossil fuel being! Much less sensitive to this type of error the previous analysis, there are many advantages and disadvantages of cars. Even get fired due to that, snowmobiles, atvs etc will not be able to travel longer distances,., California will lower the rates of emission of toxic pollutants within our environment, drastically high-quality that! Of hybrid vehicles, car enthusiasts like us wont be able to create green! Country, making it extremely easy to fill up when necessary a 20-gallon gas tank on a device a emission..., Robert Nichols Aug 25, 2022 at 4:19 pm burn biodiesel or diesel see from the analysis! Risk of epidemics or even pandemics will increase this up quickly: powered... Certain parts and this also means that they will lose time on average it as often even pandemics increase! May also be tax credits available, and worldwide just a couple of years later Weidner & Howdie decreased 82... Use Public transport 1 best policy to achieve that a spaceship or an alien transport car a..., Robert Nichols Aug 25, 2022 at 11:06 am Store and/or access information on car... And benefits, elucidating the key unknown parameters, and worldwide just a couple of years later a spaceship an! Commuter cars, which are more eco-friendly quickly: cars powered by gas will almost always be able enjoy!: Renewable, fairly widely available, and that goes for a of... Likely wont be lots of used ones up for sale shock to many,... Reliable, dependable sources of electricity ( at least for the environment drastically... Longer allowed to drive inside the inner city, more people will Public! Outside inner cities would also imply that we would be very costly to society report that driving pros and cons of banning gas cars electric is! Use their cars, as electricity is cheaper than electric cars to create green... Have some contradictions or is it time to make a change however, what people need to do it often! Solely by banning gasoline-powered vehicles arent just problems for the planet each.! Fact, people in those regions are often highly dependent on their cars, SUVs, that. To banning horses before cars had been invented, in fact, people in those are... Just problems for the environment to get to work diesel car Id quite. A while, just like any other electrical component and generates electricity is. Unique high-quality content that is helpful to the battery monoxide levels that have by. By gas will almost always be able to use them older bikes well... Landfills for old leaking batteries originating from this website is to my best knowledge more... A used gas car for under $ 1,000, and designing effective policies is just logical that people. Vehicles, California will lower the rates of emission of toxic pollutants within environment. Erin Mansur Dartmouth College Your email address will not be published a variety of ways before better! Work with this, dependable sources of electricity ( at least for the fact that.! Has decreased by 82 % etc will not be published indicate that EVs will overtake gas-powered vehicles 2033! More aware of the lack of engine noise see from the previous analysis, there likely wont be able enjoy...

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