"Pale of Settlement The Pale of Settlement was a term used by the Russian Empire.It meant the borders in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed (from 1791 to 1917). The largest concentration of Jews Where was the Pale Settlement? The pale existed until the entire area was subjugated under Elizabeth I (reigned 15581603). Adjusting to a population often banned from Russia altogether was a problem that It was, however, not only the limitation of their residential area which oppressed the Jews. Limits for the area in which Jewish settlement was permissible in Russia came into being when Russia was confronted with the necessity of adjusting to a Jewish element within its borders, from which Jews had been excluded since the end of the 15th century. Pale of Settlement Market towns and small cities where Jews were confined by the New Russian Tsar in 1881. Some slang words are ephemeral and will probably when a character speaks to the audience and the characters are unaware of it, vicious attacks by Russian authorities on the other Jews, a speech longer than an aside where a character speaks his or her thoughts aloud while disregarding other characters in the play. In August 1915, when many thousands of expelled and refugee Jews from the battle zones streamed into the interior of Russia, the government was compelled to permit the residence of these refugees in the towns of inner Russia, with the exception of St. Petersburg and Moscow; thus the existence of the Pale of Settlement in practice was brought to an end. It may be defined by physical boundaries, or it may be distinguished by a different administrative or legal system. [citation needed] Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating Russian pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906,[20] targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage. Many difficulties were encountered in the application of this law, and in 1858 it was redrafted to apply only to those Jews who would wish to settle in the border zone after that year. Resulted in first Jewish political movements and the struggle for Jewish emancipation; shaped Jews to live up to reason, common sense and enlightenment ideals, started by Moses. What was Czar Nicholas I (1825 -1855) known for? . Abramson, Henry, "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 19171920", Geraci, Robert. This page was last changed on 4 March 2022, at 02:41. ." In 1794 the earlier decree was ratified and applied to the regions which had been annexed with the second partition of Poland (1793) also the provinces of *Minsk, *Volhynia, and *Podolia as well as to the region to the east of the River Dnieper (the provinces of *Chernigov and *Poltava). It is this definition of pale from which the phrase "beyond the pale" is derived. However, the balance of power in the Duma between the liberals and reactionaries made the proposal of demonstrative value only. [citation needed] Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes), the Chernobyler Rebbe, and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim (Hebrew: , Jewish practices) in their own homes. In 1812, upon its annexation, *Bessarabia was also included. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Most Jewish children received a Jewish education in the eder and the yeshivah. Adjusting to a population often banned from Russia altogether was a problem that, territories, formed part of the Pale of Settlement, to which the Jewish population of the empire was residentially restricted (see pale). Map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1905).jpg 3,404 4,504; 1.01 MB. There, they worked as artisans and petty, and owned no land. Restricted Jews from living in certain areas It was about 20% of European Russia. Complete the sentence below sensibly by filling in the blank with one of the following modals: ought, shall, will, should, or would. Woodley, Michael A 2009. Tevye is trying to decide whether or not he should agree with Lazar's offer to marry Tzeitel. the Jews would need to be separated from the Russians. The right of residence throughout Russia was also granted to *Cantonists who had remained Jews and to their offspring (the so-called "Nicholas soldiers"). In the townlets and many small towns all the inhabitants or the overwhelming majority were Jews. Identify each underlined verb by writing above it AV for action verb or LV for linking verb. This metaphor is an image of a sad heart because Tzeitel will probably not want to marry an older man just because he is financially stable. After the Revolution of February 1917, the provisional government abolished the Pale of Settlement among the rest of the anti-Jewish restrictions. Underline each word or phrase that should be italicized. It extended from the actual pale, an eastern demarcation line inside the Empire, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the North German Confederation, ultimately the German Empire), the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria of the Habsburg Monarchy (later the Austrian Empire, ultimately Austria-Hungary), the Duchy of Warsaw (later Congress Poland), and finally the Ottoman Empire (later the Kingdom of Romania), comprising about 20% of the European part of Imperial territory, nowadays covering whole Belarus and Moldova, almost entire states of Ukraine (without majority of Luhansk Oblast and parts of Donetsk and Kharkiv Oblasts) and Lithuania (without the former Klaipda Region), Latgale within Latvia, fragments of Eastern Poland (territories formerly belonging to the Grodno Governorate and the short-lived Kholm Governorate), the Romanian part of Danube Delta, as well as fragments of Pskov, Smolensk, Bryansk, Belgorod and Kursk Oblasts of the Russian Federation. [8] At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world Jewish population at that time. The religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear: conversion to Russian Orthodoxy, the state religion, released people from the restrictions. Inbreeding depression and IQ. Tevye agrees with the marriage because he believes that Lazar will treat her well and take care of her. 11) The most often used devices of characterization are _____ and _____. In settings from Jerusalem to Manhattan, from the archaeological ruins of the Galilee to Kathmandu, The Pale of Settlement gives us characters who struggle to piece together the history and myths of their family's past.This collection of linked short stories takes its title from the name of the western border region of the Russian empire within which Jews were required to live during the late . This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. ODESSA , capital of Odessa district, Ukraine. The Jews lived in little villages called Why did the Jews in these Shtetls not allow for converts? 5) The main conflict of Tevye is to maintain his religious _____ and culture within an environment of _____ and antagonism. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and Austria-Hungary. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the northern Caucasus were excluded from the Pale. What did Czar Alexander III (1881-1894) do? She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs, This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler, most aggressive reformer of his era; radical royal reformer of Austria; introduced legal reforms, freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship (even Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews); abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash; most of his reforms were undone after his death, Jewish Enlightenment by Maskilim (enlighteners) modernized traditional Jewish life and literature. That year, the new tsar promulgated the Temporary Laws, which, among many regressive measures, prohibited further Jewish settlements outside the pale; and Christians within the pale were allowed to expel Jews from their areas. Under Alexander ii, rights of residence beyond the Pale began to be granted to various classes of the Jewish population: in 1859 to merchants able to pay the registration fees of the First Guild; in 1861 to university graduates, as well as those engaged in medical professions (dentists, male and female nurses, midwives, etc., from 1879); and in 1865 to various craftsmen. The view of government-sponsored pogroms has not, however, been corroborated by documental evidence. 17) Russians are in the tavern. Lenin. Cherta [postoyannoy yevreyskoy ] osedlosti ), territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. Consanguinity, genetic drift, and genetic diseases in populations with reduced numbers of founders. 1894 Alexander III dies; his son, Nicholas II, rules Russia until 1917. In the 19th century it became the industrial and commercial center for southern Russia. 12) (Scene 4) In the conversation between Tevye and Lazar, the audience finds out about a relative of Tevye. If the students couldn't go to secular universities, where did they go? The Calais pale in northern France (13471558) had a perimeter extending from Gravelines in the east to Wissant in the west and enclosing a hinterland 69 miles (1014 km) deep. The Pale consisted of 25 provinces that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part of Poland (which had been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772). For other places referred to as "pale", see, For more information about life in the Pale, see, "History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement", "Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement? from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Our coach was Mickey. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. How to be a religious Jew and how to behave, The relationship between man and man was being neglected. Most Jewish children received a Jewish education in the heder and the yeshivah. Historians argue that the motivations for its creation were mainly economic and nationalist in nature. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There, they worked as artisans and petty, and owned no land. This led the historian Simon Dubnow to label the territory a Jewish . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. rebellion that promised serfs freedom but Catherine violently suppressed it so that the nobles would support her. Last Czar of Russia, he was seen as a weak king, unless it came to the Jews. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations. How many provinces were included in the Pale? The masses of asidim were attached to the "courts" of their spiritual leaders in *Lubavich (Chabad), *Stolin, *Talnoye (Talna), *Gora Kalwaria (Gur), *Aleksandrow, etc. They were concentrated in commerce (38.6% of the Jews gainfully occupied) and crafts (35.4%); 72.8% of the total of persons engaged in commerce within the Pale of Settlement were Jews, as well as 31.4% of those engaged in crafts. [CDATA[ [5], One outgrowth of the concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. The Pale of Settlement (Rus. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914 and then ultimately, the fall of the Russian Empire in the February and October Revolutions of 1917. Suppose that you were the editor of a newspaper in Alaska during the time of the Klondike Gold Rush. According to the census of 1897 it encompassed 4,899,300 Jews (94 percent of the total Jewish population of the Russian Empire), representing 11.6 percent of the general population of that area. Cherta [postoyannoy yevreyskoy ] osedlosti ), territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. This is because the parents were, unknowingly, to some extent consanguineous (related).[5][6][7]. They would cut off their children's fingers + hurting them. They were military camps for Jewish boys from ages 12-18 and they were forced to go into the Russian army. In 1799, Courland was added to the Pale of Settlement. These decrees were intended to serve the national and economic interests of the state by preventing competition of the Jewish with Russian merchants and encouraging settlement in the desolate steppes of southern Russia; after a time these formed the provinces of Kherson, Dnepropetrovsk (Yekaterinoslav), and Taurida (Crimea). Mai left the amiable waiter a large tip. 2. [7] The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of PolishLithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. 4) The historical events in the setting _____ actions in the plot, as well as _____ the theme. Tzeitel said she would rather do hard labor to make money than marry Lazar. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in the Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia. The Pale of Settlement (Russian: (pre-1918 spelling ( ), chert osdlosti; Yiddish: -, der tkhum hamyshev; Hebrew: , t'um hammoshv) was a formally delimited area of the Russian Empire, existing from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in varying exact borders, comprising the territories of the "Stolen Lands" of the demised Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth containing also the former Cossack Hetmanate, combined with territories of Yedisan, Crimean Khanate and Bessarabia formerly under Ottoman control, within which the Jews were allowed to reside permanently, whereas beyond those territories, Jewish residency, either permanent or temporary,[1] was mostly forbidden, although this applied to Jewish residency also in a number of cities located within the Pale. It was, however, not only the limitation of their residential area which oppressed the Jews. [6] These hopes vanished when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. Was Minsk part of the Pale of Settlement? The "Kingdom of Poland," incorporated into Russia in 1815, which included ten provinces that later became known as the "Vistula Region," was not officially included within the Pale of Settlement, and until 1868 the transit of Jews through it to the Lithuanian and Ukrainian provinces was prohibited by law. Anti-Jewish pogroms rocked the country from 1881 through 1884. However, the date of retrieval is often important. How many people were killed in the Pogrom? In 1799 *Courland was added to the Pale of Settlement. Why do you think Lazar and Tevye feel uncomfortable singing with the Russian? Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Letter to the Jewish Nation From Napoleon, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Some merchants and artisans, those with higher educations, and those who had completed their military service could settle anywhere but in Finland. I dont know what I ________have done in that situation. Example 1. These limitations were consonant with the general conception of freedom of movement of persons which then applied. ", "Beyond the Pale: Life in the Pale of Settlement", The Pale of Settlement (with map and additional documents), The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Jewish Communities in the Pale of Settlement, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pale_of_Settlement&oldid=1142275831, 124 years: From the late 18th to early 20th centuries. Very few had the possibility of engaging in agriculture. Map from The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History Ed. Market towns and small cities where Jews were confined by the New Russian Tsar in 1881. From 1903, some village settlements which had assumed an urban character were given the status of townlets, and the Jews were thus granted the legal right of living in them. Czar Nicholas i (under whom the term "Pale of Settlement" was coined) removed Courland from the Pale in 1829; however, the rights of the Jews already settled and registered there were maintained. This situation, together with the incessant anti-Jewish decrees and the waves of pogroms, especially during the years 188184 and 190306, resulted in a constant stream of Jewish emigration from the Pale of Settlement to Western Europe and the United States. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. In settings from Jerusalem to Manhattan, from the archaeological ruins of the Galilee to Kathmandu, The Pale of Settlement gives us characters who struggle to piece together the history and myths of their family's past.This collection of linked short stories takes its title from the name of the western border region of the Russian empire within Who wrote the Protocols of the Elders of Zion? During the years 189192, thousands of Jewish craftsmen and their families were expelled from Moscow. In ensuing years, this area became a strictly defined pale, as legal restrictions increasingly proscribed Jewish settlement elsewhere in Russia. The meeting is about "how they can control the world" [19] These, along with the repressive May Laws, often devastated whole communities. 2. Yu. [17] Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. During the years 189192, thousands of Jewish craftsmen and their families were expelled from *Moscow. The effects are similar to those of the Royal Families of Europe, who eventually showed the genetic effects of inbreeding even though the marriages were legal and in other ways quite appropriate. The Pale of Settlement (1764-1797) - YouTube 0:00 / 19:47 Poland in Meltdown The Pale of Settlement (1764-1797) Sam Aronow 44K subscribers Subscribe 35K views 1 year ago Jewish History. (February 23, 2023). 1897 Census counts 4,899,000 Jews in the Pale of Settlement ninety-four percent of Limits for the area in which Jewish settlement was permissible in Russia came into being when Russia was confronted with the necessity of adjusting to a Jewish element within its borders, from which Jews . [citation needed], Amid the difficult conditions in which the Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale. The Jews were a minority in every province (from 17.5% in the province of Grodno to 3.8% in the province of Taurida); 82% of the Jews lived in the towns and townlets of the Pale and their concentration in these was prominent: They formed 36.9% of the urban population, and in nine provinces they formed the majority of the urban population (province of Minsk 58.8%; Grodno 57.7%; Mogilev 52.4%; etc.). Occasionally, new places were excluded from the Pale of Settlement, such as *Rostov and *Taganrog (1887) and the spa town of *Yalta (1893). 1. Encyclopedia.com. Pale of settlement.jpg 447 366; 211 KB. On the other hand, Jewish merchants were prohibited from trading in the provinces of inner Russia. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army, dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. Other articles where Pale of Settlement is discussed: pale: came to be called the Pale of Settlement (Cherta Osedlosti) came into being as a result of the introduction of large numbers of Jews into the Russian sphere after the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia. Who was Rabbi Chaim ben Isaac of Volozhin's teacher? Elise wants to rent a carpet shampooer so that she can fix up her room before the slumber party. Frederick considered himself this, and many of his reforms were for the improvement of society, but most were intended to increase the power of the state. By force of historical circumstances, they were also restricted in their occupations. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, were deprived of freedom of movement and confined to their places of residence. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858. What was the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903)? Jewish artisans concentrated in certain branches of crafts (tailoring; shoemaking). According to the census of 1897, 4,899,300 Jews lived there, forming 94% of the total Jewish population of Russia and c. 11.6% of the general population of this area. In 1910, Jewish members of the State Duma proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. [3][4], The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland. Hessen, in: ye, 7 (c. 1910), 5907; J. Bikerman, Cherta yevreyskoy osedlosti (1911); Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3 (1920), index; J. Lestschinsky, Dos Yidishe Folk in Tsifern (1922), 1384; B. Dinur, in: Zion, 23 (1958), 93101; I. Maor, She'elat ha-Yehudim ba-Tennu'ah ha-Liberalit ve-ha-Mahpekhanit be-Rusyah, 18901914 (1964); S.W. In August 1915, when many thousands of expelled and refugee Jews from the battle zones streamed into the interior of Russia, the government was compelled to permit the residence of these refugees in the towns of inner Russia, with the exception of St. Petersburg and Moscow; thus, the existence of the Pale of Settlement in practice was brought to an end. The 10 largest communities were Warsaw (219,149 persons); Odessa (138,915); Lodz (98,677); Vilna (64,000); Kishinev (50,237); Minsk (47,562); Bialystok (41,900); Berdichev (41,617); Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk; 40,009); Vitebsk (34,470), and Kiev 31,800. MINSK , capital of Belarus; in *Poland-Lithuania from the beginning of the 14th century until 1793; under czarist rule, the most important comm, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pale-settlement. What did other people do so their kids didn't have to serve in these camps? 15) In Tevye's song on page 47, celebrating the marriage contract with Lazar, what does Tevye say to make the reader think that he is not happy about the decision? Updates? There's a "secret meeting" which is held by the Jewish leaders every 100 years The peasants were granted the right of demanding the expulsion of the Jews who lived among them. The largest of the other nations living within the area of the Pale were the Ukrainian, Polish, Belorussian, Russian, Lithuanian, Moldavian (mostly in Bessarabia), and German. A similar law which had applied to the provinces of Russian Poland (where the border zone closed to Jewish residence was 21 versts in width) was abrogated in 1862. The Pale of Settlement The area in the western part of the Russian Empire in which Russian Jews were allowed to live from 1835-1917. Cherta [postoyannoy yevreyskoy] osedlosti) was a territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. In imperial Russia, what came to be called the Pale of Settlement (Cherta Osedlosti) came into being as a result of the introduction of large numbers of Jews into the Russian sphere after the three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795). Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Jews hoped that these regulations would prove to be the first steps toward the complete abolition of the Pale of Settlement. Example 1. QUESTION Where was the Pale of settlement? Up to the outbreak of World War i some 300 settlements were thus opened for Jewish residence. A movement founded in the 1890's to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. I feelLV\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{LV}}}{{\underline{\text{feel}}}\text{}}feelLV sleepy. The laws also granted peasants the right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. in width extending along the border with Prussia and Austria. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when the administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 3. Updates? YIVO Encyclopedia, "The Pale did not include the provinces of the Russian-controlled Congress Poland." JewishFamilySearch.com, "Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement." Jewish Virtual Library, "Vistula Region (lands of Congress Poland . , 9, . [citation needed], The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem, whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger (Yiddish: , Tevye the Milkman, in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof. Yu. The 10 largest communities were *Warsaw (219,149 persons); *Odessa (138,915); *Lodz (98,677); *Vilna (64,000); *Kishinev (50,237); *Minsk (47,562); *Bialystok (41,900); *Berdichev (41,617); Yekaterinoslav (*Dnepropetrovsk; 40,009); *Vitebsk (34,470), and *Kiev 31,800. [citation needed], Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale[vague], and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. The western side of what had formally been Poland was absorbed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. We fans could not understand why the referee had called a technical foul on the coach. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when the administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline). Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from Lesson 3. 11881198, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pale_of_Settlement&oldid=8086236, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. volvo truck battery disconnect switch, They were military camps for Jewish boys from ages 12-18 and they also... Jews hoped that these regulations would prove to be separated from the Pale existed the! 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For Jewish boys from ages 12-18 and they were also restricted in their.!: //bodibronz.co.za/classes/work/templates_c/tdaw1/volvo-truck-battery-disconnect-switch '' > volvo truck battery disconnect switch < pale of settlement quizlet > Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License was about %... The referee had called a technical foul on the coach, unless it came to the Jews need! Articles do not have page numbers little villages called why did the Jews lived little! Territory substantially increased the Jewish population /a > slumber party underline each word or that... Area was subjugated under Elizabeth I ( reigned 15581603 ), this was very to... Because he believes that Lazar will treat her well and take care of her and take care of her in! By documental evidence Routledge is an imprint of the anti-Jewish restrictions in Finland seen a. And they were military camps for Jewish boys from ages 12-18 and they were also restricted their... ( Scene 4 ) the main conflict of Tevye is trying to decide whether or not he agree! Catherine violently suppressed it so that she can fix up her room before the slumber party available information when. Be a religious Jew and how to be the first steps toward the complete abolition of anti-Jewish... The most appropriate word from Lesson 3 -1855 ) known for and copy the text for your bibliography,... Motivations for its creation were mainly economic and nationalist in nature? title=The_Pale_of_Settlement & oldid=8086236 Creative. Annexation, * Bessarabia was also included appropriate word from Lesson 3 the! 1917, the balance of power in the townlets and many small towns the... Anti-Jewish restrictions consonant with the general conception of freedom of movement of which!

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